Courage can be applied and used in almost every aspect of life Essay

Definitions are meant to help us understand different concepts all around us. A definition allows us to communicate something that needed to be said. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the definition of the word definition is â€Å"the action of defining, or stating exactly what a thing is, or what a word means† in a sense where it will help us understand its meaning. Definitions provide insight to the meaning of something. At times we may feel like we know a word but cannot clearly come up with a way to define it and that is when definitions come into play providing clarity for a word. They help us understand everything around us, from peoples ideas to their feelings, to all sorts of concepts of ideology and life. Without definitions we would not know what anything would be, mean, act for, and so on. Definitions are an essential part of life that helps us cope with many things by helping us understand a broader perspective of objects and ideas. As a freshman in English class, one of our assignments was to read â€Å"Solitude and Leadership† by William Deresiewicz which is an extended definition of the words solitude and leadership. William Deresiewicz used different methods to define the two words including quotes, examples, characteristics, and reference to Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, which in my case was one of the hardest novels I had to read. One of the definitions Deresiewicz gives us is â€Å"solitude means being alone, and leadership necessitates the presence of others†, both words contradicting themselves. Deresiewicz uses a series of characteristics to define the words, which included words such as courage, independence, thinking, creativity, honor, concentration, honesty, introspection, friendship, and morality among others. Courage was one characteristic that stood out to me. Courage can be interpreted in many ways. According to the Oxford English Dictionary one way, courage is defined as â€Å"the heart as a seat of feeling, thought, etc.; spirit, mind, disposition, nature.† Another definition that was provided was that courage is â€Å"applied to a persons spirit† and yet another definition was â€Å"spirit, liveliness, lustiness, vigor, vital force or energy.† All three definitions contained the word â€Å"spirit† in them, and I believe that ones spirit is really important in relation to courage because it is what keeps  us going. I can say that courage drives our spirit because without courage we would not do the many things that we have done and will do. For example, we would not talk to someone we really like without having the courage to go up to him or her right? According to the essay by Deresiewics, there is two types of courage one being â€Å"physical† which he says we â€Å"all possess in abundance† and â€Å"moral courage†, which is the courage that allows us to â€Å"stand up† for what we â€Å"believe† (175). Courage drives us to the many things we do in everyday life whether it is something simple like having â€Å"the courage to argues† our â€Å"ideas† or something adventurous like skydiving (175). To myself, courage contains some of the same characteristics, but I can out it into different words. Courage is a quality of mind or spirit that leads one to make certain decisions. Defining courage this way makes much more sense to me. Courage is very important because without it we probably would not be in certain situations we are in. For example, without courage I would not be three hundred ninety four miles away from home all on my own living with someone who was once a complete stranger to me. I believe that that took tons of courage from me. Without courage many of us would not be away home our homes starting our college careers, which will prepare us for our future careers. Courage is a drive one must have to keep our spirit going. As a freshman in college, I have set goals that I hope to achieve by the end of the year. I believe that courage can help achieve many goals. For example, one of my goals is to leave here with the courage to take up more rigorous classes next year. Taking up more challenging courses is definitely going to require courage because college can already be difficult for some and taking up more can be a harder task. Another goal I wish to accomplish is to learn from all that will be done this year and apply it to the future. This goal can also take a bit of courage because learning from mistakes and applying the experience onto the future can be difficult. Courage is a really important characteristic to contain. No matter what age or situation, courage is extremely important, just having the mentality of wanting to do something and being able to do it says a lot about a person’s character. After reading the â€Å"Solitude and Leadership† I suddenly realize that there  are many things that take part in building character. Courage goes a very long way. It helps us decide on certain ideas, gestures, etc. Being able to take the essay and go onto defining a word in my own terms, like in the essay, took courage because many people can judge my ideology but having that courage the author spoke about and arguing for my own idea took courage. Courage can be applied and used in almost every aspect of life. Sometimes all you need in life is a bit of courage to get you through a certain situation in life because â€Å"at such moments, all you really have is yourself† (182). Works Cited â€Å"definition, n.†. OED Online. 2012. Oxford University Press. 29 October 2012 . â€Å"courage, n.†. OED Online. 2012. Oxford University Press. 29 October 2012 . Deresiewicz, William. â€Å"Solitude and Leadership.† The Best American Nonrequired Reading 2011. Ed. Dave Eggers. New York: Houghton, 20122. 169-182. Print.

Eating Disorders (the Black Swan)

The main character Nina Sayers has a sever eating disorder. In her attempts to be the perfect ballerina, she is both anorexic and bulimic. She does not eat anything and if she does she later throws it up. For example, for breakfast she was forced to eat a grapefruit but is later shown in the bathroom throwing it up. When she gets the part in the play she worked so hard for, her mother buys a cake in celebration – only to be put to waste since Nina refuses to eat it. In the movie, she provides an example of what can happen when an eating disorder completely takes over.She becomes so pleased with the positive feelings she feels when she looks at herself in the mirror, that she only tries to love her image more. This habit begins a downward spiral into eating less and less. In The Black Swan, Nina is portrayed as the best dancer of her company. Until some competition, Lily arrives and Nina views her as a huge threat. This causes Nina extreme stress and she develops the idea that Lily is out to get her and take her position as best dancer. Since extreme starvation of the body leads to cognitive distortions, threats are commonly amplified.Nina feels extremely threated and like her spot as best dancer is at risk. She then feels even more of a need to have the perfect body and to be a perfect dancer. Since she does not eat enough, her brain and body do not receive appropriate amounts of nutrients. The lack of nutrients puts her in a state of high stress and her brain does not think clearly or logically. It distorts her surroundings giving her a warped image of herself when looking in the mirror. She sees herself as much larger than she actually is. She compares herself to everything and everyone around her.Not only does her eating disorder hurt her mentally but also it physically affects other parts of her body. When feeling the urge to eat, she claws at her skin on her back where it can be covered by clothes. Nina’s fingers are also covered with bandage s to conceal her skin she carelessly peals away. The thought of becoming a perfect ballerina literally begins to kill her. Although Nina never sought help, there are plenty of ways she could have. Cognitive-behavioral therapy or group therapy would both have been very helpful for her situation.Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on current behavior rather than childhood or past experiences. The therapists typically address ways their patients should change the way they think and behave, assign homework, and offer strategies of how to change them for the better. Group therapy also would have been an effective way to treat Nina’s eating disorder. If she went to group therapy and saw that other people were going through the same thing as her and got better, it would have encouraged her that she could do the same.

Choice Or A Good Service Health And Social Care Essay

In England, the successful debut of public assistance mechanism after the Second World War has dramatically changed the political, economic and social landscape. This baronial and selfless project has seen the development of services aimed at assisting undertake some of the most of import issues confronting society ( e.g. wellness and safety, instruction, wellness, exigency services, and attention for the aged and handicapped ) . It has had genuinely singular success in presenting an effectual safety cyberspace for society. Although this paper will non be concentrating on the grounds for this, it is deserving observing that by the 1960 ‘ / 1970 ‘s, the pride that people took in the societal accomplishments of the public assistance province started declining. The success of capitalist economy and competition in the private sector was perceived as being in stark contrast to the inefficient and unresponsive populace sector. Consecutive authoritiess were besides progressively disquieted as to the fiscal deductions of the public assistance province and looking to increase efficiency and cut down cost. Similarly, the addition richness and consumerism of citizens raised outlooks in client service and promoted the position of the service user as a consumer instead than as a receiving system of public services ( see Lowe, 2005 ; Eichengreen, 2006 ; Sorensen, 2000 ) . It is the purpose of this paper to measure the cogency of the undermentioned statement: â€Å" Patients do non desire pick, they want a good local service † . The trouble in specifying pick means that this paper will do the sensible premise that patients want high quality attention, efficient usage of resources and equity. These premises reflect the fact that the NHS is funded out of public outgo and abides by the rule of â€Å" making the right thing for those who need aid † ( Secretary of State 2010 ) . This paper will ab initio look at the alterations in authorities policy to present an component of pick before pulling on grounds and instance survey illustrations to show that pick does non needfully hold to come at the disbursal of local services when measured against the standard ‘s of high quality attention, efficient usage of resources and equity. This paper will reason by saying that pick within a little and limited field is what patients wan and what is be st for the National Health Service.Historical Background on the development of Choice in HealthcareConsecutive authoritiess have made moves to open up greater pick for users of public services. Greener and Powell ( 2009 ) have traced these developments in health care and found that it was non until 1989, in the ‘Working for Patients ‘ White Paper ( Secretary of State for Health, 1989 ) and the debut of a ‘quasimarket ‘ into health care, that the thought of patient pick began to take on a meaningful function in the planning of health care. Initially patient pick would include more freedoms in taking their GP ( who so made picks about secondary attention on their behalf ) , pick over ‘time or topographic point of intervention ‘ and a ‘wider pick of repasts ‘ provided to patients ( Le Grand et al. , 1998 ) . However, as a direct consequence of the quarrelsomeness of the internal market thoughts, patient pick was hardly mentioned for much of the following decennary ( Wainwright, 1998 ) . The start of the twenty-first Century did non see any major new developments on pick. The NHS Plan ( Secretary of State for Health, 2000 ) merely reminded patients that they had ‘the right to take a GP ‘ , provided patients with new agencies of accessing wellness services which reflected technological advancement and improved client service through the right to intervention at a clip and infirmary of the patient ‘s pick if their scheduled operation was cancelled. It is non until the 2006 White Pap er â€Å" Our Health, Our Care, Our Say † ( Department of Health, 2006 ) that patient pick of a genuinely meaningful nature is proposed. For the first clip patients would be allowed to do determinations about where they should be treated: â€Å" In the NHS, patients now have more pick of the infirmary that they go to, with resources following their penchants † ( Department of Health, 2006 p.3 ) . The NHS Constitution ( 2010 ) has enshrined the rights of patient to exercise some pick in the health care they receive. These include the right to take a GP surgery, to province whichA GP you ‘d wish to see, to take which infirmary you ‘re treated at, and to have information to back up your picks. These rights are non nevertheless cosmopolitan ( exclusions for the military, captives and mental wellness sick persons ) and exclude certain services ( where speedy diagnosing and intervention is peculiarly of import, pregnancy services and mental wellness services. In the recent Health and Social Care Bill ( 2011 ) , the current Government are suggesting to manus commissioning power to GPs and opening up the NHS to increased competition in an attempt to better NHS public presentation. Choice is seen as critical to this attempt, as without pick they can non be true market based competition. Consumer pick, based on their penchants, would find companies come ining and go outing the market. It is hoped that quality would be the cardinal determiner in consumer pick. In the White Paper ‘Equity and Excellence: Emancipating the NHS ‘ , this accent on pick was reinforced and clarified as to intending that â€Å" ..patients and carers will hold far more clout and pick in the system ; and as a consequence, the NHS will go more antiphonal to their demands and wants † ( Secretary of State 2010 ) .. This historical reappraisal demonstrates the staccato and unstructured mode in which patient pick has evolved in England. This has seen Patient-GP relationships move from associational to transactional, alterations in who exercises pick as to secondary attention suppliers from cardinal contrivers to GPs to patients, every bit good increased information to assist people do picks. This historical reappraisal on the development of patient pick in authorities policy has led the writer to pull the undermentioned decision: patient pick is being advanced as a tool to better the NHS through a three pronged onslaught: Improve services through increased competition, Improve patients experience through better client service ( e.g. pick in repasts and in method of accessing attention ) , Improve wellness results for all people through more information taking to better picks. These findings correlate closely, but are non indistinguishable to the findings of Thorlby and Turner ( 2007 ) . Thorlby and Turner identified three chief aims that the authorities has put frontward as grounds for prosecuting increased patient pick which include bettering public presentation, making a service that matches peoples desire for pick and that pick increases equity and equity. These two proposed accounts for the pick docket run into the populace and patients outlooks of the NHS. Indeed studies on people ‘s outlooks of the NHS have noted a demand for increased efficiency, better patient experience and equity in entree to interventions across the state ( Dillon, 2010 ) . However, the cogency of the claims that pick is the reply to all of the NHS ailments has non been genuinely tried and it is deserving observing that the British Social Attitudes study has found strong assurance in the quality and reactivity of the NHS since it started appraising in 1991 ( Appleby and Phillips 2009 ) . Indeed, it is still contested whether patients really want healthcare picks at all ( Fotaki et al. , 2005 ) .Patient pick to better entreeSurveies of patients around the universe systematically identify entree as a cardinal concern of patients ( Grol et al, 1999 ; Davis et Al, 2007 ) . Problems of entree have long plagued the NHS. The NHS Plan asserted that ‘the pop ulace ‘s top concern about the NHS is waiting for intervention ‘ ( NHS Plan, 2000 P 101 ) . Access to healthcare is a cardinal constituent in run intoing the premises made in what patients want, notably high quality attention and in guaranting efficient usage of resources. Choice, as proposed through the right of patients to take where they receive diagnostic and secondary attention, is being promoted as the remedy to entree by leting competition between secondary attention suppliers. It is hoped that this competition, coupled with Payment by Results, will cut down waiting times and supply patients with options as to the clip and topographic point where they receive intervention. The London patient pick pilot survey ( 2005 ) was set up to analyze the consequence of pick at the point of referral. The consequences indicated a strong desire for pick. When patients waiting for cardiac surgery were offered the pick of traveling to another infirmary with a shorter waiting list, half of them opted to make so, sometimes going long distances. Similarly, a high proportion ( 67 % ) of patients in London expecting assorted elected surgical processs opted for options to their local infirmary when given the pick ( Coulter et al, 2005 ) . This survey would propose that patient pick is desirable and popular with patients. It besides achieves the purposes of cut downing waiting times and bettering entree. This sits good with authorities policy from 2005 to 2007, centred on spread outing the capacity in the system ( Cooper et al 2009 ) . However, it must be noted that in recent old ages, there has been a important lessening in waiting times for elected attention across the NHS. Between 1997 and 2007, waiting times for elected articulatio genus replacings, hip replacings, and cataract fixs dropped significantly. These consequences can non be explained by the development of patient pick. It is of import to factor in other events go oning in the NHS at the clip. There was significant additions in NHS support from ?76.4 billion in 2005/6 to ?96.4 billion by 2009, a scope of policy steps implemented including stiff authorities marks, every bit good as increased pick and competition. It can hence be moderately assumed that pick entirely was non responsible for the additions given the figure of reforms aimed at cut downing waiting times introduced between 1997 and 2007 are all likely to hold played a function together in shortening patients ‘ delaies ( Cooper et al 2009 ) . This statement dents the cogency of the claims made that patient pick is desirable, and more crucially desired by patients, on the evidences that it improves entree. What it does non make is confute that patient pick is non desirable to patients. Indeed, recent grounds confirms the feeling that most patients are acute on holding a pick, even if they choose to stay at their local infirmary ( Dixon et al, 2010 ) .Choice to advance equalityAs discussed earlier, the authorities has asserted that it will seek to better equity via the mechanism of patient pick, supplying the option to take to all patients where, antecedently, such options were unfastened merely to those who could afford to pay. Equity is besides one of the premises made as to what patients want when accessing health care. Evaluations of the pilot patient pick strategies ( such as the London Patient Choice Project ) found that entree to pick was just, with no inequalities â€Å" in entree to, or consumption of alternate infirmaries by societal category, educational attainment, income or cultural group ‘ † ( Coulter et al, 2005 ) . This would bespeak that patient pick is desirable for bring forthing equity within the NHS. Equity is after all one of the foundation pillars on which the NHS is built. However, when the pilot programmes were rolled out nationally, two of import differences in design have led to inquiries over whether equity is so happening as a consequence of pick. In the pilots, all patients were eligible for free travel and all were entitled to assist from a patient attention adviser: both were found to be of import facilitators of exerting pick. However, neither is compulsory in the execution of pick at the point of GP referral ( Thorlby and Turner, 2007 ) . A figure of surveies have besides shown that information may non yet be wholly successful in acquiring to patients. PCTs are responsible for doing certain that all patients have an equal chance to take, by supplying information and support to those who might otherwise fight to exert pick. Greener found that patients are frequently incognizant of available information beginnings sing attention picks ( Greener, 2005 ) , and the first patient information brochures offered little more than the handiness of transport links and the trust ‘s overall healthcare committee evaluation ( Easington Primary Care Trust, 2006 ) . In a study of PCTs, Thorlby and Turner ( 2007 ) concluded that while it is excessively early to state whether patient pick will present fairer results for patients, equalizing the chance to take is already turn outing disputing in the NHS. The statement that pick creates equity for patients is hard to confirm. The grounds suggests that direct pick may increase unfairness as it favours patients with entree to information and conveyance and unfairness will be magnified if patients in lower socio-economic groups have lower outlooks and less ability ( existent or perceived ) to cover with the picks available ( Bate and Robert, 2005 ) .ArgumentThere is a argument among bookmans as to where public assistance plans fit in modern, industrialised societies. The â€Å" irreversibility thesis † argues welfare plans have become lasting characteristics because their steady growing produces more and more components who benefit from the plans and strive maintain them in topographic point ( Mishra, 1990 ) . The current economic crisis has highlighted the demand for rationing in health care, as for the first clip in over a decennary ; the NHS is confronting stagnating budgets. The dramatic addition in disbursement on the wellness service, authorities precedence scene and the debut of competition and pick has delivered a figure of benefits but has non solved all the issues confronting the NHS. The underlying demand to ration services in a publically funded system is going more economically and politically ambitious ( Ham and Coulter, 2001 ) . An IPPR study found that most people expect entree to the latest drugs and interventions on the NHS, no affair what they cost or how effectual they are. Less than a 3rd of people think the NHS should take into history value for money considerations. Around one tierce ( 31 per cent ) think the NHS should supply ‘all drugs and interventions no affair what they cost ‘ ( Ranking and Allen, 2007 ) .A This would ruin the NHS really rapidly but reflects the ‘irreversibility thesis ‘ as proposed by Mishra. As this study clearly demonstrates, pick, on the future way of the NHS and its support, would take to a dislocation in rationing. The Oregon Health Plan ( OHP ) is an illustration of where pick in rationing determinations, although ideally desirable, has failed due to political concessionsA and provides no evidenceA for the given that a working system of medical serviceA prioritisation can be implemented on the footing of patient and public pick ( Klein, 1992 ) . True competition enabled through patient pick would ultimetly take to alterations in the local wellness economic system and efficiency additions. This could see the closing of unpopular infirmaries and intervention Centres. However, T.H. Marshall ( 1964 ) argues that public assistance provinces are based on societal rights, and this class of rights has been embraced by western societies with the same energy as civil and political rights. Patient pick can be viewed as the merger of societal rights ( entree to attention ) , consumer rights and civil rights ( single autonomies ) . Therefore, there will be really hard determinations to be made as a consequence of pick. Will neglecting infirmaries receive excess support to better or will they be closed? What if these infirmaries are to a great extent invested in merely to neglect subsequently? Will people object to local infirmary closings and the violation this causes on their societal rights? The political nature of infirmary closings a lready has an impact on local wellnesss economic systems. For case, clear grounds for this exists that demonstrates politically fringy constituency bask a greater figure of infirmaries than politically safe seats ( Bloom et al 2010 ) . Clinicians have besides accussed curates of assuring more than can be delivered and raising peoples outlooks ( Ham and Alberti 2002 ) .DecisionThis paper has demonstrated that patients want good, accessible services near to place, with wellness professionals they know and trust. Patients besides want a grade of flexibleness and pick when accessing health care, but this pick is limited to when, on occasion where ( if waiting times are significantly lower ) and what sort of intervention they would wish to have. This system is non merely good for patients, it is besides good for the wellness service as a whole. The increased capacity that pick allows for patients besides increases efficiency for the wellness service suppliers and pick in intervention lea ds to better wellness results for patients. There are a figure of restricting factors including geographical location and easiness of transit that prevent limitless pick and therefore competition. As all patients expect the intervention they receive on the NHS to be of the highest quality available and available to all ( equity ) , it is surprising to see pick being proposed as anything more than the basic pick described here. It is rather clear from the grounds presented that patients want limited ( suiting ) pick within a good local service. This outlook, possibly unluckily, means that patients can non be involved in existent and limitless pick as rationing determinations are tough and unpopular. It is for this ground, coupled with the predictable consequence that full competition will hold on infirmaries closings, that decision-making is volitionally passed on to elected politicians and civil retainers.

A.Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide(CO2)and produces Lab Report

A.Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide(CO2)and produces oxygen(O2).Brespiration consumes oxygen(O2) and produces carbon dioxide(CO2)as a byproduct - Lab Report Example It takes place in the mitochondria and the by-products are CO2, H2O and energy. Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis relates in that the by-products of each process is a raw material for the other process. The major purpose of the experiment is to determine that photosynthesis consumes CO2 and produces O2 as a by-product while cellular respiration consumes O2 and produces Co2 as a by-product. In photosynthesis experiment, five 50ml test tube were labelled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 using wax pencil. A piece of Elodea plant was placed in tube 1-4 while except 5. Tubes were filled to the brim with 7.0 pH phenol red solution and then each tube was plugged with a rubber stopper. The surfaces of the tubes were wiped with paper towel. Tube 2 then wrapped using two sheets of cellophane, tube 3 wrapped using 2 sheets of green cellophane while tube 4 wrapped with one sheet of aluminium foil and tube 1 and 5 were not wrapped. The tubes were placed under bright white light for 11/2 hours and colour changes noted in each tube. In respiration experiment, goldfish was placed in a 50ml tube containing water with normal conditions for fish. The temperature of water was measured and the number of breaths of the fish per 60sec recorded. Tap water was poured into 600ml beaker and tube with the fish was transferred into the beaker. Small pieces of ice were added one by one to the beaker until the tem perature drops to 100C then process stopped and number of breaths recorded. More ice was added until the temperature drops to 50C then cold water was changed and the procedure above repeated for the temperature of 210C and 250C. The colour of the phenol red turned to orange in all the tubes since the CO2 was absorbed from the environment within the enclosed tubes to react with water thus forming weak acid of pH around neutral hence the orange colour. But since tube 1 had all the factors responsible for

Being Apple Steve Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Being Apple Steve Jobs - Essay Example Though Jobs did not express command-and-control leadership style, though he is known to have been quite abrasive, he does take accountability for Apple’s success by modelling his behaviours against very high standards and then visibly trying to live up to them. Charismatic attitude and inspiration for the rest of the organisational culture is where Jobs maintains transformational leadership style. This style is about building a harmonious, dedicated organisation through ethical behaviours and social charisma. By establishing Apple’s vision to be revolutionary and innovative, he uses his personality as a means to gain support and dedication to achieving greatness for the company. His rock star-modelled speeches at Apple conventions is another aspect of his transformational leadership style that defies the norms of business and puts the company as a leader in change management. Jobs’ leadership style can be analysed using many different leadership templates, such a s change management, innovation management, and many other qualitative tools associated with management theory. Jobs is a people-centred individual when it comes to their autonomous roles at Apple, thus empowering individuals through transformational interactions. Jobs also utilises the public relations word-of-mouth about Apple values, vision and principles as a means to measure his leadership style as a benchmark against other companies that follow these same leadership standards. His transformational leadership style is evident in nearly all of his values and beliefs and how he goes about representing them in all of his interactions with subordinate employees and peers. He even looks to the external markets for opinion and better labour to ensure that the company is equipped to handle ongoing change, another factor that drives transformational style. Jobs should be considered a benchmark for transformational style by other company leaders. Jobs and culture His style can be compar ed to other companies that have more rigid, centralized hierarchies of control where information is disseminated from the top layers without much employee feedback or innovation involvement. Steve Jobs’ leadership style transcends the normal business structure which builds a better organisational culture. Even though he provides an informal and innovative-minded environment to empower his managers and employees, he still maintains strict standards by which employees must live up to. They are either rewarded for their successes or punished (a transactional approach) if they fail to meet his performance standards. This is somewhat duplicitous, a blend of transformational and transactional leadership that is contingent on success. The freedoms he provides, such as casual dress and environments where free movement is tolerated, build more dedication and loyalty to meeting performance and innovation goals. Jobs is able to build a positive organisational culture by taking personal accountability for actions and then applying these same standards to everyone else. Jobs, himself, recognises that his standards include firing individuals who do not meet up to Apple performance obligations, however humanely. This shows that even though individuals experience these considerable

Explain how the value of property is affected by changes in the Essay

Explain how the value of property is affected by changes in the property market - Essay Example Even economic harmonisation in the form of the inception of the European Union has failed to change the uniquely individual property market and value practices in the EU member states.This is true even today despite the same observations carried out by Downie (1995) and McIntosh and Ellis 1994).These factors which affect property values differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction based on the different business and economic cultures within the European Union member states which will result in the variability of valuation approaches from country to country (Downie et al., 1996). Moreover these factors will also be affected by financial, fiscal and economic environments of a country with the result of widely divergent real estate structures.These factors as understood by Waroloa and Bernask (1996) can have direct and indirect influences upon the structure, operation and valuation of the real estate concerns in an economy.With reference to the particular set up of Europe they observed that these factors include Factors like those set out in the Table below. The modern international property market as lacking a central trading centre has often been largely criticised as a reason that the value of property prices will always be victim to the particular circumstances of a country as the market is not based on a cluster of geographical and sectoral submarkets.The problem is no two properties (with the exception of homogenous flats a building arguably) are identical and there is a significant information gap for those involved in such transactions.Here we can contrast the Property market with the Equity and Bonds market in the sense that this information gap for the realtor and the buyer necessitates the use of market valautions.This same estimate of price is likely to stay in a state of flux due to the divergent valuation methods and different political weather amongst many other factors

A paper proposal on the the Rhetoric of Sugar Sweetened Beverages Assignment

A paper proposal on the the Rhetoric of Sugar Sweetened Beverages - Assignment Example In this literature review, I intend to analytically review a variety of literature on Sugar Sweetened Beverages. Thus, I will put emphasis on a wide range of SSBs. These include, but not limited to soft drinks (soda), flavoured waters, sweetened teas, ready to drink coffees, sports drinks, and juices. Babey, Wolstein & Goldstein(2013) contend that the increase in consumption if drink that have added caloric sweeteners is attributed to less healthy diets as well as health concerns such as overweight and obesity. What is the problem addressed in the literature review? The problem addressed is that there is the increased consummation of SSBs and consequently increased rates of obesity and overweight. Overwhelming research as presented in a wide range of literature has specifically cited increased consumption of SSBs as the main cause of the increased rates of obesity. Over the last four decades for instance, the rates of obesity and weight gains have tripled. Statistics of study carried out by Ogden & Carrrol (2010) between 2007 and 2008 established that one in every six children and adolescents aged between 2 and 9 is obese. These statistics are worrying. According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (1998), obesity increases the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes, various cancers, and many other chronic diseases. As such, the increased rates of consuming SSBs have the risk of escalating the already increased cases of obesity. This will consequently case a major strain to the public health care system. Currently, the U.S government spends more than $174 billion annually in treating obesity. It also spends more than $147 billion annually in treating health problems related to obesity and overweight. According to Wang et al. (2012), this accounts for more than 9.1 percent of the government’s health care expenditure. This has led to widespread concerns over the need to control the major causes of diabetes and ove rweight. What are the questions addressed in the literature review? The questions addressed in my literature review are: 1. What can be done to reduce the rate of SSBs consumption? 2. What role can the media play in reducing the rate of SSBs consumption? What gaps have you discovered in the literature? An analytical review of the literature on SSBs consumption reveals that there exists a large gap between the increasing rate of SSBs consumption and the measures that can be used to reduce these rates. There is also a large gap in regard to the role played by the media and the increased rates of SSBs consumption. There also exists a gap on the approaches to be used on reducing SSBs consumption. Generally, the approaches to reducing intake have varied. Some literature proposes a tax on sugar sweetened beverages, while other literature advocates an extreme tax on SSBs. On the other hand, some literature argues that a tax will not suffice at all. Most literature argues that there is stro ng link between the high levels of consumption of sugar sweetened beverages and obesity and adverse effects on the public health care system. Babey ,Wolstein & Goldstein H (2013) claim that soda and other SSBs, such as energy and sports drinks, are the largest source of added sugar in the diets of both children and adults in the U.S. It is argued that liquid calories do not satisfy as well as solids, and SSBs add calories instead of replacing them. It is suggested

Week 8 Question 2 Investment Valuation Assignment

Week 8 Question 2 Investment Valuation - Assignment Example Since the assets are already highly valued the economic value of the company is therefore high and this makes it more attractive to investors. The use of market value to value investments has its disadvantages. Though the financial statements may indicate that the company is doing well this may not be the case. In cases where the use of market value inflates the economic value of the company, the company is then exposes to more tax liability in which case the company would pay more tax than it is actually capable of paying (Escaffre, Foulquier & Touron, 2008). Moreover, inflating the economic value of the company makes the company’s shares more lucrative to investors who buy more shares based on this observation. However, should the company revalue its assets at lower than cost, the investors may drastically sell off their shares which may irrevocably damage the company’s reputation. The fall in economic value would be interpreted as a business failure thus it would no longer be a viable

Pro and Con Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pro and Con - Essay Example Eventually, this contributed to the health of the USA’s economy. It is vital to note that the author critiqued the lack of flexibility of the reform act as regards the control of immigration. The second article argues that illegal immigrants should not attain legal status in particular countries. He states that USA can attain lessons from Europe in terms of granting amnesty to illegal immigrants. Paul Belien, the author, argues that several European countries accorded legal status to illegal immigrants in the 2000’s. Countries, such as Italy and France, opened the floodgates for more immigrants that became unmanageable. This is because many undiscovered immigrants showed up for certification. In the analysis of Hinojosa article, it is vital that he provides three perspectives to the same. The first two arguments props the authors’ view of providing legal status to immigrants. The third article highlights the loophole of the IRCA act of 1987. The first argument highlights that legalized immigrants progress more economically. It is vital to note that the paper provided statistics, from the labor department, to prop this position. The hourly wages of legal immigrants had at increased at an average rate of 15.1 percent from 1987 to 1992 (Hinojosa-Ojeda 2). In the same period, the female immigrants had improved their wages at a rate of 20.5 percent. On the other hand, there had been an increase of 13.2 percent. These statistics correlated with the fact that a percentage of 38, of Mexican men, had adjusted to better-paying occupations. The paper argues that this translates to economic progress because the immigrants possess better bargaining powers (Belien 22). However, it only stresses on the economic benefits such as businesses, income and houses. This contributes to overall economic progress in terms of tax revenues for the government. It is crucial to note that the paper is comprehensive in noting that the IRCA act did not provide policies for managing

Aneurysms Nursing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aneurysms Nursing - Case Study Example Not all aneurysms are live threatening but when the vessel is over enlarged it may burst causing massive internal bleeding (â€Å"Aneurysms and dissection†, 2011).In normal situations, arteries are capable of withstanding normal blood pressure due to their thick walls. Dissection occurs when a split occurs in either one or more layers of the walls of artery. This splitting causes bleeding along and into layers of the artery wall (â€Å"What is aneurysm†, n.d). Incidence, mortality and morbidity Aneurysms affect 1 in every 20 people in most societies and are therefore a global health problem. It is approximated that about 30,000 people suffer from aneurysms in each year in USA (Khurana, and Spetzler, 2006) with abdominal aortic causing about 9000 deaths yearly. Most of abdominal aneurysms occur in 5th, 6th and 7th decades of life (Debakey, Crawford, Garrett, Beall, and Howell, 1965 ; Mastracci and Eagleton, 2011) .The 9000 deaths are inclusive of 1400-2800 deaths which o ccurs due to elective operation in an effort to prevent bursting (Lederle et al., 2002). Aneurysms rupture causes approximated mortalities of 80-90% and most of the patients die before they are hospitalised.These deaths are inclusive of pre, intra and post operative cases (Russo, 2006).For aortic aneurysms, it has been estimated that 13,000 Americans die annually and most of these deaths occur due to dissections or bursting of arteries (â€Å"What is aneurysm†, n.d).On the other hand, abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are the 14th leading killer in USA (Russo, 2006). Risk factors and causes of aneurysms Any condition which leads to weakening of arteries walls predisposes a person to aneurysm. Other risk factors are smoking ,inborn abnormalities of connective tissue such as Ehler Donlos syndromes, congenital bicuspid valve abnormalities (Montgomery, Henderson, Ostrowsky, Karimmi and Hennein, 2010), high blood pressure, atherosclerosis which is characterized by building up of fa tty plagues in the arteries, deep wounds, injuries, infections occurring in blood vessels, inherited diseases such as Malfan syndrome (a health condition which affects body’s connective tissue) which causes people to have very flexible joints and long bones (â€Å"Aneurysms and dissections†, 2011).Pregnancy has also been linked with the formation and bursting of aneurysms of the splenic artery which leads to the spleen (Reed et al, 1992). Aneurysms can also occur due to defective genes which play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of arterial wall which offers strength and elasticity to arteries. It has been thought that disruption of extracellar matrix of arterial wall plays a critical role in pathogenesis of aneurysms such as intracranial aneurysms (Kuivaniemi,Troup and Prockop, 1991).For those patients with intracranial aneurysms it has been observed that they have decreased level of arterial structural proteins (Kuivaniemi et al, 1991). People with defect ive genes have been shown to have abnormal aortic matrix proteins, insufficient inhibition of proteolysis or overactive proteolysis, lack of elastin and abnormal production of type 111collagen which is a structural component of aorta wall (Reed et al, 1992). Patients who have autosomal dominant polystic kidney disease (ADPKD) have also been shown to have risks of developing aneurysms. In addition to this, infective endocarditis and Aspergillosis, syphilis infection, trauma and cocaine use has also been

Write about three job's you have chosen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Write about three job's you have chosen - Essay Example usiness, project costs are estimated to be billions of dollars and projects fail, costing billions of dollars, if project managers and their respective teams do not have enough coordination and cooperation. The project manager must not fail as a team manager and leader. Project success and project management success are two different things. Project success refers to the success of the overall objectives of the project while project management success refers to the performance of the team under the leadership and management of the team leader and project manager. The project has to be completed and must meet the specified time, cost, and scope and quality of the project according to the specifications of the contract between the contractor and the client. It is important to differentiate here the difference between management and leadership. Management emphasizes functions such as planning, organizing, and controlling. Management is concerned with providing decisions about processes and functions in order to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness. Leadership role of the manager refers to providing motivations and guidance to realize people’s potential and to achieve tougher and challenging organizational roles. (Anantatmula 14) Site project coordinator performs the function between project administrator and technical assistants, but is also in charge of locating, planning, coordinating, analyzing and understanding of organization. In other words, the project coordinator’s role is also complex as in the project manager. Project coordinators must have an effective relationship with the client, consultant and contractor. He must have qualities like working on time, technical knowledge of the project, team-playing attributes, and coordination skills in achieving quality for the project. A project coordinator works under limited authority and must earn the trust and confidence of the team in order to achieve various tasks at his/her disposal. A

Airbus A3XX Production Essay Example for Free

Airbus A3XX Production Essay Should Airbus proceed with the new model?Yes. The A3XX will constitute a new family of bigger and better aircraft with a high degree of common operational characteristics, particularly in the cockpit design, in accordance with Airbuss philosophy. For the first time, the airline companies will be able to provide much more room than has ever been available. Passengers will be more comfortable and the operating costs will be between 12 and 20% lower than those of the current B-747. The A3XX is the solution to the problem of growing demand for air travel, which is expected to triple over the next twenty years. At the same time, it is the most efficient solution since a greater number of passengers can be carried without there being the need to build new airports. Moreover, it is quieter than any current passenger plane so that it will be perceived as a good neighbor. As it is mentioned on the case, the first version of the A3XX will have 555 seats in three classes and a range of between 14,200 and 16,200 km. This plane will be the first passenger aircraft with four aisles, two on the main deck and two on the upper deck and there will be two stairways to ensure easy passenger flow during boarding and disembarkation. These factors would definitely differentiate the new A3XX from the current B-747. Likewise, great efforts have been made to ensure that the A3XX can be used on existing airport runways, taxi strips and parking areas, with minimal modifications that can be rapidly introduced into the normal evolution of the airport. Furthermore, with a wing span of 79 m and a maximum length of 77 m, the A3XX will be able to taxi within the 80 m x 80 m box that has been adopted as standard for the worlds major airports. The A3XX will also have the potential for increasing its capacity and range. Freight and combo versions are planned, as are short range smaller versions. The A3XXs wider and more spacious cabin mean a versatile fuselage section that will allow airline companies to incorporate any configuration within the three decks. With the A3XX, Airbus Industry is ensuring its position as a key market player and will provide airline companies with an alternative to the  monopoly that has existed for so long. How should they price it relative to Boeings offerings?Taking into account the many advantages that the new A3XX is expected to have compared to Boeing 474, Airbus should price it higher. Airbus (A3XX)1.If every works as planned Airbus would become the worlds largest passenger plane producer. 2.After produced the new superjumbo would have capacity for 500 to 840 passenger, and 555 in 3-class configuration compare to Boeing 747. 3.It promises a maximum speed of 0.89 (652mph)-New York to Hong Kong in 12h 21m-New York to London in 5h 18m4.The new model expects to lower the fuel burn by 13% compare to 747 and is expected to be the first long-haul plane to consume less than 3 litres of fuel per passenger over 100 km as efficient as an average family car. 5.Cabin promises to be configured to include cocktail bars, double debs and mini-casinos. 6.It promises a 35% increase in passenger capacity over the 747 in standard 3-class configuration, alogn with a neraly 50% larger cabin volume. Boeing (747)1.After the launch of the new A3XX, Boeing would not longer be the worlds top passenger jet maker and its 30 years domination in the sales of the large passenger jetliner market would be lost to Airbuss new superjumbo. 2.The Boeing 747 has capacity for 400 to 500, and 450 in 3-class configuration compare to the new A3XX. 3.Current maximum speed of 0.86 (630mph)-New York to Hong Kong in 12h 47m-New York to London in 5h 29m4.Fuel efficent and has low operating costs. It provides a marginal costs of 19%. 5.It can use existing airport infrastructure and ground support equipment. 6.It produces lower emissions, and achive better fuel economy than any competing jetliner References http://www.superjumboa380.com/html/airbus_vs_boeing/index.shtml

The Animation With Multimedia Film Studies Essay

The Animation With Multimedia Film Studies Essay Animation is considered to be one of the exciting forms of pictorial presentation. Animation consists of three main features (i) picture , (ii) motion and (iii) simulated. Animation adds visual impact to the multimedia project. Many multimedia applications for both the Macintosh and Windows provide animation tools, but you should first understand the principles to the eye interprets that changes it sees as motion.There is a place for animation on the Web, however. There, the essential content is typically a  menu  of link. INTRODUCTION Animation is possible because of biological phenomenon known as persistence of vision. The object which can be seen by naked eye can get into visual deception of movement. In other ways we can change to some extent about the figure and structure of an object promptly.    There are FOUR main types of animations which are used in multimedia applications. The first type of animation 2D animation or linear animation, is the simple movement of objects on the screen, generally through linear translation. Multimedia development environments often provide the necessary tools to perform this simple animation procedure. The original creation of animation:3D animation, however, is very technically and artistically involved, as well as time consuming. Three dimensional objects are created using a mathematical model. Each object may be shown in various views, giving the user a realistic sense of third dimension. 2D to motion to appear smooth a minimum of 15 frames per second generally required. There are two dimensions cell animationpath animation it involves techniques as well onion skin tweening. 3D although 2D animation can be effective in enhancing a mulmedia title,3D animation takes the entire experience of multimedia to another level.There are three dimensional animation is the foundation upon which many mulmedia cd games and adventure titles are constructed.In animation top selling products such as Myst And warcraft use of 3D animation to bring the user into the setting and make him or her seem a part of action. Creatin 3D animation is considerly more complex than 2D animation can involves into two steps:modelind and rendering before the real animation takes. Morphing is useful not only in showing how two images blend together, showing how an image might change over time.but also in Photo Morph, Hijact Morph, and Elastic Reality are examples of programs than can produce quite sophisticated morphing animations. Warping is a related special effect that allows you to manipulate a single image. For example, you could stretch a facial feature to change a frown into smile. Virtual Reality (VR) attempts to create an environment that surrounds the user so that he or she becomes part of the experience. The term Virtual Reality has been used to describe various types of applications, some that are more experiential than others. It is nearly impossible to construct a multimedia presentation that will be accessible by every user on the World Wide Web. To  access  visual content, they need a text alternative that can be spoken by a screen reader. LITERATURE REVIEW Humankind has always been fascinated by moving images. The desire to make pictures move has provoked some of the most innovative developments in the fields of science and technology during the twentieth century (Bendazzi, 1994). Animation had made fantasy of human kind come true. It has brought a drastic change in the present world. Every sector in particular field has a production. All media communicate most effectively in their language of animation. Animation is everything from Pinocchio learning to walk, skeletons fighting classical heroes, a pumpkin king ditching Halloween for chrismas (James Clarke 2004).Animation brings stationary objects into motion. Movement should be used for essential communication. In animation anything is possible. Animation brought pictures to life. Animation is used in video games,filims,robotics. Animated worlds need logic, consistency and boundaries.(Bryce Hallett, 2008). In animation ,idea development must include visual exploration. To achieve animation write for action first.Inanimation, any real or imaginary, can be made into a character. It has two levels, basic and advanced. The merit of the computer animation-based activities has also been questioned(IEEE journal on essential animation 1998). Most of children at homes use their computers for playing games, doing homework, chatting with friends which reduce their interest in other co-curricular activities. But there is also positive side of animation. With the help of animation children interaction increases which helps them to learn in a affective way. A way of seeing experience a world that has little relation to our own lived experience or to other cinematic experience(Suzanne Buchan 2006) Animation made cinematic experience brilliant through animation,fantacy worlds are created which are impossible in real world. Through animation interaction with the viewer in the movies are possible. Animated characters do not have to perform realistically in animation, the thinking process needs to be shown(Bryce Hallett 2008).In animation interaction of characters can be from human to human, human to object in virtual world. In animation imaginary stuff can be done. in animation we can create or design our own characters. Animation enables to give magical power things. In my films, I move many objects.Suddenly, everyday contact with things which people are used to acquires a new dimensions and in this way casts a doubt over reality. In other words, I use animation as a means of subversion(paul wells 1998).Where we can put up in words animation starts to speak. As days pass on people concentrate in actions rather than wordings. Any action in death or life can be shown in animation. we keep moving forward, opening new doors, and doing new things, because we are curious and curiosity keeps leading us down new paths(Walt Disney 1996). As every person in the world expects to see something new and different they keep hoping for a change and the animation world shows every imaginary thing come true. Animation is the stream which can never get into down path. Animation is not the art of drawings that move but the art of movements that are drawn. The process of art eveolving is always one which has a kind of fascination(Norman Mclaren 1987).Animation shows the epic moves which cant not be constant. Effects play a major role in Animation. There are many things to be done in animation one is with graphics and visual effect. Because good writing in a TV cartoon is so rare, I think the animation on the Simpsons is often overlooked(Matt Groening 1954). When childrens watch cartoon they dont watch affects they just watch the motion of the cartoon. Animation is for people who can draw and write but the importance is given only when it plays on the screen. Research: The start of animation was in the year 1908. As ages pass by the world gets into a higher step. Film making was from black and white to colour. Nature is shown in a lively way in animation. The cinematic world experience that are accessible to the spectator only through the techniques available in animation. Animation is derived from the world of imagination. In previous days of animation there were no proper effects as in now there are many more new tecnolgies coming up. Drawings cannot move,but the camera gives the movement and life to the picture. The moving photograph will always be as a magical moving drawing. The word multimedia itself describes numerious of art making and picturisation. Motion picture animation fully exploits the cinematic apparatus,from camera. This communication of unconscious nature gives growth and development to the animated world. It refers to the stimulated motion of picture for the drawn objects. The micro level of multimedia controls the three dimensi on model which involves lights,camera and the movement of picture. The fixing and re-animatingof images remained a research at the educational centres. In simple variables user can define his own uses about picturisation. The media gives the action in all stunts and various effects. Humans and animals give a wild movement which can be shown only in multimedia and animation. The animation is worldwide. Every children have a great knowledge about animation by which they get motivated and get different ideas and try to implement them. People say cant imagine the world without animation that means they even stop imagining things by which animation world do not exsist. Animation can not compete with any other technology. Every particular stream has its own importance. Animation plays a major role in movie making and moving the objects with great force. Drawing is of different types but showing the drawing on the screen with different angles like two dimension and three dimension. Picture s are scanned into the computer using high technology photography or made in computer itself. These objects are scanned into the computer and add color and effects with textured form. Computer is being used by every person but not animation can be managed by everyone. Animation introduces many stills by which few people are still unfamiliar with. To make film one particular scene is copied many times and will be replaced as they use to. The video shots will be taken and put together as a small scene of the film and will give the impression of the different angles the picture moves with. Every stunt of the actor or a cartoon will be manipulated in such a way which makes people feel as its really going on. The three dimension is with something of the object which is getting very close and makes people feel as they are facing the object diretly. Animation creates a strange world between reality and imagination. Animation are generally called still drawings but when viewed it gives the impression of moving picture. Animation is the best part for entertainment. Previous days they used numerious techniques to give the impression of moving pictures like cave drawings which are embeded on the walls like animals running and overlapped but the only the still drawing can be seen not the movement. Numerious of supplies are recquired to bring imagination to life many animators,screens,drawings and many more. In animation few things are purchased like software done by other people where as rest it will be done by their self. The transparency of object can not be seen any where other then in animation and multimedia. A variety of camers and lenses are used to zoom the object. Animator creates a storyboard first and then try to picturaise the object with back ground colours and effects the multimedia plays a role like zooming the camera with different lenses and highlight the important role. There are many games and cartoons created by animation. Games are widely implemented and being played by many children by which they will get a knowledge of different colors and effects and even about the computirazation. The before test of the picture is checked several times for accuracy. The picture needs audio which is very important as the movements are given to the picture there are many sound effets by which it makes us feel thats real not a film. A computerized video tape is actually made of sketches which give the smooth of motion and correct facial expressions. Graphics is the part of animation and multimedia which shows the shapes of geometry and transformations. We can use animation to grow elements,shake and spin. There are many different color combinations which can be done over computer but not hand made. Color shows the epic of the picture and explains the concept of the film but as obtained multimedia has many short films which has come into trend now a days. Multimedia has different concept which shows the picture all the ways. Animation is the bac k bone for the movie industry and runs through the effects and sound effects of the animators. A core feature of graphic capability is to support for working with multimedia which includes video and audio. In films illusion is created by cameras which can record each and every second..The projecter and the light focus makes people exicted to the see the three dimensional picture on the screen. As we researched about animation in multimedia this has a wide range knowledge and is implementing and getting into higher step day by day but never falls down.

Non Vegetarians Towards Vegetarian Food

Non Vegetarians Towards Vegetarian Food The aim of this chapter is to provide a thorough critical review of existing literature concerning consumer behaviour and the increasing phenomenon known as vegetarianism. First, the various perceptions of non-vegetarians and vegetarians towards vegetarian food and lifestyle. between the different genders. Secondly, how the various aspects of the marketing mix, commonly price influences vegetarian food choice. This chapter also examines the main religions and their influence on food choice and finally the degree of influence ethics has on a persons dietary choice. Perception towards vegetarian foods. A large number of Americans do not understand vegetarian food as they grew up on an American diet, which comprises mostly of meat(Pearson, 2010). The majority of North Americans are used to having meat at every meal even if there is another high-protein food is present (Reiner 2011) . Meat is considered as central food round around which meals are prepared, various types of meat are sometimes served on festive and celebratory occasions. (bender,1992). However, A study conducted by the Vegetarian Times (2008 ), revealed that 3.2 percent of U.S adults which is about 7.8 million people are on plant-based diet and 5.2 % were interested in following a vegetarian diet. Perception of non-vegetarians towards vegetarian food However, many people tend to believe that vegetarian food tastes bad, lacks taste, is uninteresting(Pope, 2010) or that meat has a good taste and vegetarian meat is disgustful (Vigneault,2009) which explains why many people especially men tend to avoid vegetarian food (Bailey, 2012) . However Janu (2010) argues that meat does not have taste by explaining that a person cannot eat raw meat and the digestive system rejects it and says that what gives the taste is the additional items added to the recipe and these are generally from something that is vegetarian. Meat, Vegetarianism and Gender (Mckeever, 2012) reports that consuming meat is regarded by many as being more virile and masculine, the traditional macho all-American male, believes that eating red meat is considered as strong and eating soy is not. It has been found that people from Western cultures link up manfulness with meat, especially muscle meat like steak(Gann,2012). Macrae(2011), reports that men who do not consume meat were viewed as less masculine than the others even by other vegetarians. Even ladies, especially vegetarians regarded men who were not eating meat as crybabies or less mach. They also found that people associated meat with more masculine words In a study by Rothgerber(2012) women were a lot more excusatory about meat consumption and men had more favourable attitudes towards meat consumption(Macari, 2012) and (William,2012), eating meat makes the latter feel like real men. If we take a brief look at history, meat has been affiliated with might, virility, manhood and as a prerogative. This h as been observed during the first world war when meat was reserved for men and this was also observed in many Western, Asian and African cultures( Heine 2010). There may be a more scientific explanation to why men prefer meat, such as differences in physiology and men having a greater protein needs to build body mass as compared to women. To the traditional hunter, meat has always been considered as a reward to hunting. (Shah, 2010) According to (Rowan, 2012) men are less likely to eat their vegetables than women and prefer meat over other foods (Bryner,2012) because they dont have the same strong values and beliefs that eating fresh produce are beneficial to health. Furthermore, messages that convince women to eat fruits and vegetables may not have the same effects on men. There are certain situations when a man may healthily opt for salads which is in the case of social support (Ar et al. 2008) or such as when they are trying to impress someone they are eating with, when they are eating out alone or when dining with their spouse and their spouse has chosen the healthy menu ( Strahan, 2012). (Sifferlin,2012 ) further supported the last reason by asserting that men eat their vegetables so as to avoid arguments or with their wives or girlfriends and if they were left on their own in most cases, they would opt for unhealthy foods. (Shere,2012) explained this by adding that ones personal belief influences his behav ior and men are not as convinced that eating vegetables are not worth eating. Dean(2012) suggested that it would be very difficult to educate non-vegetarian consumers to eat vegetarian or fake meat but the key could be to reshaping burgers to resemble beef and by giving them grill marks as according to(Schà ¶sler.et al,2011) the shape and its appearance are important. marks could even convince men who believe that meat is masculine to try it out and eventually help them through their transition to vegetarianism. Perception towards a vegetarian lifestyle 2.1 Perceptions towards vegetarians When people think about a vegetarians, they imagine a skinny person, or perhaps an unhealthy one(Host 2004). Vegetarianism will not make a person skinny or thin(Olsen,2012) many people have this misconception that vegetarians eat only salads (schuna,2011) and (Beppu,2011) and removing animal products from ones diet can help to slim down(Tyler,2012). According to Stanger(2011) and a study by Katz (2008) many people tend to believe that vegans are pale, have clearer skin. Andrews(2011) and (frankel,2010) put forward that due to certain lackings in a vegetarian diet this may cause ones complexity to deteriorate and become pale due to insufficiencies of iron. However Groenewald(2011) refuted this by stating that if this the case the person was probably wrongly doing his diet. 2.2 Vegetarianism and health There is no single reason why people become vegetarians, but one reason which is cited the most is for a healthier lifestyle(Floyd,2011). Many non-vegetarians today believe that meat is unhealthy (Wong 2006) and the most common reason people are becoming vegetarians today are due to the health benefits(Kasiser,2009). He further adds that vegetarian diets continuously have proven to be healthier, in a way that meat, especially non-lean red meats which are high in saturated fats and may carry risks of animal-human transmission diseases. 2.2.1 Perceptions towards vegetarianism as a means to lose weight The perception of the vegetarian diet as an efficient weight loss tool has lead many into giving up meat (Mccarron, 2011) There has been significant amount of research coming out in support of a plant-based diet, and how it helps a person to lose weight(Freston,2011) while Denos(2012) believes that it is a misconception due to the fact that since fruits and vegetables are low in calories, are loaded with vitamins and minerals people believe it should help one lose to weight. (Zeratsky,2012) states that it is true that vegetarians are usually thinner than non-vegetarians but a person can also gain weight on a vegetarian diet Zeratsky,2012) and (Sass 2012) if their portion sizes are too big and they do not get the right balance. 2.2.2 Perceptions towards vegetarianism as a means to live longer According to many authors, eating a lot of red meat regularly is bad for the health in the long run and increases the risks of heart diseases and other cancers(Lezard, 2012),(Bazelle,2012) and Lee(2011). On the other hand, vegetarians suffer fewer heart attacks than meat eaters. For instance, vegetarians under the age of 65 were 45% less likely to suffer a heart attack than meat eaters(Faloon,2006). 2.2.3 Perceptions towards meat Moreover according to (MacEachern 2009) many conventional meat producers use hormones, antibiotics, and frequently process their products with chemical additives and preservatives. This tends to make the meat pinker but less healthy. He supports his argument by stating that there is a strong relationdhip between highly processed meat consumption and risks of getting colon cancer. 2.3 Reasons discouraging people to become vegetarians 2.3.1 Giving up on their favourite meal (Cain,2011) argues that a reason discouraging people from becoming vegetarians is having to renounce to their favourite meals, cheeseburgers or chicken wings and all the other great tastes that non-vegetarians enjoy(Markella,2006). Those who have returned to being omnivoures claimed that they began missing the taste of meat (Wong,2006). (Herzog,2011) further adds that even long-term vegetarians developed urges to taste cooked meat or developed craving for proteins when they smelt upon smelling bacon being cooked. New vegetarians say that they found it hard to give up favorite foods and adjust to the taste of substitutes for butter and dairy products. For some the toughest part to switching to a vegan diet was to give up on cheese. (Pope,2012) 2.3.2 Lack of social support (Pope, 2012) believes that for vegetarians there is a lack of social support as some people are negative and condescending towards vegetarian food and this is the main reasons why many vegetarians have returned to an omnivorous diet. (smith et al, 2000) 2.3.4. Beliefs that a vegetarian diet is not healthy Many authors claim that a vegetarian diet is unhealthy in a way that that there is is insufficient proteins and a person may suffer from nutritional deficiencies(Claire 2012),(Schuna,2011), (Alan et.al2000) . Robin(2011) argued that it depends on the type of food eaten. In the case of vegan who exclude all animal proteins from their diet they may develop a B-12 defficiency and this is commonly found in meat and defficiencies of this vitamin may lead to anemia. Assess the role of culture in the choice of vegetarian food Sabine (2012) stated that there exists indefinite number of definitions of culture. Definitions of culture may vary from one person to another. Kroeber et al (1952) defined culture as patterns of behavior gained and transmitted through symbols, consisting of classifiable achievements of human groups including their incarnations in artefacts. Culture consists of traditional values and ideas which historically inferred and selected.Many religions promote a vegetarian lifestyle or diet, for example, Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism, and Seventh day Adventists(Frankel, 2010) Culture or Religion is an important determinant in ones selection of his own diet as many eastern religions impose a vegetarian diet as compared to many western religions. According to the survey done by the Vegetarian Times (2008), this explains why India has the most vegetarians (400 million, about 40 % of the population ) as compared to the US which is only at 7.3 million. This is explained by Lingam(2010) who states that India has this strong vegetarian culture due to its religions, dating back to 500 BC where the rise of Buddhism and Jainism were teaching non-violence. Today this vegetarian lifestyle is dictated by the influence of and those having a strong belief in their religion such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism or Sikhism which impose a vegetarian diet. 3.1. Hinduism Hinduism is the oldest and the third largest population around the world with over 900 million followers around the world (Magicman,2011). Hindus believe that all living beings have souls and one animal which is sacred and strictly forbidden to eat is the cow (Dowling, 2009). According to Srivastava(2007), all Hindu scriptures praise and glorify nonviolence. And a vegetarian diet as important in the successful practice of worship and in yoga. Hindu dharma generally recommends vegetarianism but it is not a requisite to be a Hindu. Animal flesh is considered the same as the flesh of ones own offspring and to eat this would make one the most despicable of human beings. Moreover she quoted from the Yaj Veda that one must not use his body, which is given by god to kill other of Gods creations whether they are human, animal or whatever. (Srivastava,2007) further adds that according to the Manusmriti, one should abstain from eating any kind of flesh as this is concerned with killing and it involves killing and leads to karmic repercussions and their choice of food brings about consequences. Killing involves giving pain and according to the karmic law of cause and effect he who gives pain will receive that same amount pain. Christianity The bible is divided into the old testament and the new testament. Based upon an analysis of the bible by Zeolla (2005) In the old testament, especially in the Genesis, which refers to the moment god created Adam and Eve and the whole universe where it is stated that god made every tree grow and those which seemed pleasant good for food and commanded that man shall eat from these trees. This section of the bible implies that at that time god wanted men to be vegetarian. However, there are sections in the bible whereby god stated that man can eat as much meat as he wishes, where god provided quails for the Israelites. Moreover, there are many situations in the bible where animal sacrifices where made to god or where he himself asked for an animal sacrifice. Social influences and vegetarianism Culture transmission, in principle can be transmitted from any individual to another(Acerbi,2006). It is common that lots of vegetarian parents expect their children to eat what they eat (Belkin,2009) despite others arguments that the child should decide when he is old enough(Madsen, 2009) or that eating meat is free choice and what you choose to eat is up to you(Vigneault,2008) . (Roth 2012) argued that kids arent scared of veganism and that it is adults who afraid because kids learn when we they are taught. A survey by Katz (2008) and (Berman2011), showed that many of the respondents had become vegans due to the influence of family and friends. It had been reported that the elderlys food choice was because many elderly valued their relationships between spouses or friends over their personal taste preferences (Falk et al . 1996). 4. Determining the effects of the marketing mix on the choice of vegetarian foods 4.1 Product A vegetarian diet is a meal plan that consists of mostly plants such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, seeds and nuts, with a small amount of or no animal products(Evert, 2011). According to Porter (2009) there are different types of vegetarian diets. If a person says that he is a vegetarian that could mean many things. In each style of vegetarian diet certain foods that are restricted. Here are a few categories of vegetarianism: A Lacto-vegetarian consumes no animal products except for dairy(Ochel,2008) A vegan or a strict vegetarian does not include any animal-based food products. A vegan lifestyle refers to the exclusion of all animal products, such as leather clothing and even honey because honey requires bees. A vegan diet consists carefully reading the labels of packaged foods before purchasing them to ensure they meet vegan criteria. Stein (2011) An ovo-lacto vegetarian will not eat meat, fish, or poultry or anything which contains eggs but they do consume dairy products. Unlike a vegan like diet, vegetarianism offers more flexibility and lets one enjoy some of the things that they are accustomed to eating. (Miles, 2009) Americans are eating 12 % less meat than they did 5 years ago(Ketzenberger,2012) and less real meat means more fake meat(Nolan,2012.) Fake meats also known as mock meats or faux meat (Sawant,2012) have made a lot of progress in the last ten years(Nolan,2012) to becoming a multi-million dollar industry today(Olsen 2012). Mock meat is a substitute for meat made with ingredients such as tofu soy and wheat gluten to imitate the taste and appearance of real meat(John,2010). Nolan adds that in the last year alone, over 100 new fake meat products have been introduced in the United States, from beef tips to orange chicken,pulled pork. fake sausage and fake burgers. When hippies and many sympathizers sought to reduce or eliminate their meat consumption in the late 1960s tofu was well positioned to grab that market, and between 1925 to 1975 America had 528 commercial tofu makers. As stated by (Mintel 2005) manufacturers are doing their best to make alternatives look like real, and there is little in the packaging to distinguish vegetarian products. Soymilk is available in packaging that is identical to dairy milk, and meat-free hot dogs look the same as their meat-based counterparts. However, taste is a more important factor for consumers, who rejected the earlier less-tasty versions of soymilk and veggie burgers. Since then, technology has improved the flavor of vegetarian products. Also helping is the wider array of products that include flavored versions of soymilk and more complex meat alternative products (e.g. chicken-free Buffalo-style chicken wings). These flavored products mask or disguise the beany flavor that many consumers dislike. Although processed fake meat is not healthy food, in most cases, especially from an animal rights perspective, it is given a pass or is accepted (Striepe,2011). Bittman(2012) believes that it would be very difficult to make people reduce the amount of meat they consume each day, an option which is more tasty to the mind and to the mouth is fake meat. According to (Pratt, 2012) This may bother some vegans, who do not like the idea of fake meats, and perhaps it is bringing fake meats is too realistic. Absolute vegans firmly admonish that it still counts as eating meat in spirit and thus labels them as hypocrites(Rufus,2010). 4.2. Price There is a strong relationship between the increase in price and the demand for vegetables. The price increases in the UK also meant that a lot of people were not buying the fresh fruits and vegetables which they need to for a healthy and nutritious diet(Pouler, 2012). In 2010 the price rises are affected many families in a way that 10 % of the poor families are consuming 25 % less fruit and 15 % less vegetables(Hill, 2012). Sheehan (2012) also argued that the economic situation is making it more costly for people to have a morehealthier meal. The price of healthier foods are increasing at a great speed than the that of the unhealthy foods, for example pizzas and burgers and people are eating less fruits and vegetables than a decade ago and more and more unhealthier foods because of its affordability. People are now looking for a meal that fills the stomach which is the case of most junk food than food that is nutritious. According to MailOnline (2011) when the price of beef and porc had reached records, nothing seemed to have changed regard consumer spending and meat. Moreover, in Kolkata, incessant rains had led to a drastic increase in the price of vegetables which had forced many middle-income families to opt for non-vegetarian meals on their menus(Chawdhuri,2011). (Miser 2011) states that many people hesitate to go for vegetarian meals or to become vegetarians because they believe it is much more costly and expensive. However, she opposed these beliefs by stating that a vegetarian diet is more cost-effective and not too expensive, an argument supported by Greenwood (2011). (Miser 2011) affirms a vegetarian diet is much cheaper in a way that chicken can be substituted by beans which is 60% cheaper that the costs of the latter. A person can save up on the costs of electricity which is used to keep the meat frozen. Moreover when a person is purchasing the meat they are paying for parts which are not comestible such as fat and bones. 4.3. Place How easy it is for one to find vegetarian food on menus depends on what type of vegetarian the person is and where he is(Goodyer,2012) . Being vegetarian can also limit your options when dining out Callahan 2010). According to ONeill (2012) Its much harder for vegans who dont eat eggs or cheese to find something they can eat. Japanese food has options for vegans, however Thai food (Goodyer,2012) and in Korea, where there is no Korean word for vegetarian, and which every meal has animal parts in it. (Kerp,2009).Moreover a lot of wine have animal ingredients added for flavour. Vegetarian wine isnt that hard to find these day and the easiest way is to bring ones own wine although in some restaurants this means paying corkage(ONeill,2012) According to Davis (2011) restaurants dont do vegan food because they believe there is no demand for it. Secondly it is too much of a bother, for example separating equipment that use processed meat (Schuna,2011) with such few vegans and most of them will just look at the menu in the window, or the website, and if they see nothing vegan they go somewhere else instead; If there is only one vegan item on the menu, then the only option is take it or leave it. Bigger restaurants can afford to offer a wide variety so that customers can come back but this may not be the case of the smaller ones. Thirdly, people do not dine out alone, and most vegans have mostly non-vegan friends and family. When theyre deciding where and what to eat the one vegan influences the decision. In this case the restaurant doesnt lose only the one vegan customer, but also their friends and family. 4.4. Promoting a Vegetarian lifestyle 4.4.1 Vegetarian Food Festival The 27th Annual Vegetarian Food Festival in Toronto was attended by more than 25,000 visitors over three days (Alexander 2012) The purpose of the festival is to educate. There were educational speakers, exhibits by health and wellness marketers and many samples of food by local vegetarian restaurants and food companies. All food samples family-friendly event will be completely free of animal products. (Juhng, 2012) 4.4.2 Advertisements Advertisements involving nudity to promote vegetarianism PETA( People for the Ethical treatment of Animals) has become known widely for shocking and offensive advertisements (Bhasin,2011) such as Turn over a new leaf or the Sex with vegetables advert therefore making it very easy to confuse PETA with an organization promoting sex with vegetables(Mahdawi,2012). An ad using sex appeal as a strategy is All Animals Have the Same PartsGo Vegan advertisement. The concept of this ad, featuring Pamela Anderson, is that factory-farmed animals are made of flesh, blood, and bone, just as humans are. They have the same bodily organs, the same five senses, and the same range of emotions, just as humans do.(Schragin,20120). Here, Peta is urging people to see animals as more than just walking entrà ©es and that animals who are raised for their meat have personalities and emotions and form families and friendships when given the opportunity. Factory farms deny animals the things that are natural and of importance to them and instead confining them to fou l and constricted cages. (Croce, 2010) Shocking Advertisements to promote vegetarianism Meet your meat is a video that shocked many(Felip, 2012) and according to Friedrich(2003) it is the most effective tool promoting the cause of veganism. The twelve minutes video is a documentary showing the worst practices in the business which are considered as the standards and according to him there is not a single person who has not been touched when he or she had viewed the video. In the views of (Pettit,2012) shocking depictions of animal abuse have been found to be more effective in videos and in the case of pictures intended results were obtained when effects or graphics found it to were used to a low degree. Advertisements which involve compassion towards animals Why love one but eat the other? is a provocative ad series in Toronto, which was a great success according( Laurie Wilson, Tyler Jamieson, 2012) asking Canadians to be veg and it would seem riders are responding. The ad draws attention to the shocking cruelty faced by animals raised for food in Canada(NEWS,2011). (Runkle,2009)The campaign consisted of over 200 ads and drew attention to the similarities between the animals we call family and the animals we call dinner. The ads would be run would be viewed over 470,000 times per day, hence exposing millions of riders. One of the three ads features an inquisitive puppy and a cheerful piglet side-by-side and asks, Why love one but eat the other? The other two ads feature a fluffy kitten and an equally fluffy baby chick, and an alert Labrador Retriever next to a curious cow. In each case, these heart-warming images are juxtaposed with graphic photographs of the horrific conditions on factory farms where animals are crammed by the thousand s into filthy windowless sheds. Rather than using shock tactics with bloodstained images or nudity, this campaign appeals to peoples sense of compassion and tenderness towards animals(Takeuchi, 2011) (Cheeseman,2009) reports that the strategies of PETAs adverts are based upon focalizing on creating disorder to raise attention. Remorenko (2009) raised the question as to whether these advertisements were effective and put forward that it succeeded in grabbing peoples attention and that 4.4.3 Celebrity Endorsers Vegetarian and vegan celebrities have made a big difference in bringing attention to the harsh realities of the fur and skin industry. So as to reach a larger audience, the support of celebrities is crucial. With the help of celebrities jumping aboard to adopt and promote the vegan lifestyle, the image of vegetarianism has metamorphosed significantly in recent years (Contributor, 2012). Organisations such as Peta have many celebrity endorsers to help promote the cause such as legendary musician Paul McCartney in a campaign to say no thanks to turkey and eating vegan on thanksgiving. (Ciandella, 2012). A survey by (Moran,2011) however revealed that 46% of British people believe that most celebrities who promote charities are doing it to improve their own public image. One of the key determinants of the success of a celebrity endorser as per (Ritchie, 2012) is if the celebrity fits the product. If the relationship between the celebrity, their public image and the product is a positive one, then it could mean product effectiveness. However, if the product a celebrity endorses is a doubtful match, this could hurt the product image or its success; an example is actress Natalie Portman who collaborated with startup Te Cesan to design a line of vegan friendly shoes. The shoes came with a hefty price and according to (Doan, 2008), overpriced. Within a year the company closed down due to poor sales despite one of the biggest names in Hollywood backing their product because no one thinks of vegan shoes when they think of Natalie Portman. Moreover conflicts of interest may arise and backlash. For example supermodel Naomi Campbell posed in adverts for animal rights group PETA, against wearing animal fur, but she later featured in an ad campaign for a luxury New York furrier, and appeared on the catwalk wearing real fur.(Moran,2011). Determining the influence of animal welfare and environmental concern has on the choice for vegetarian food. Animal Concern and the ethical vegetarian One of the most concrete reasons for vegetarian food choice is for ethical reasons(Dragunaite,2011). The concept of ethical vegetarians is, that they want to reduce harm to animals for food or any other reasons. Becoming an ethical vegetarian is a sudden process most of the time. The intent to avoid meat due to feelings of guilt, which results in avoiding the purchase of meat to support their beliefs in animal welfare(Schroder, 2004 ). According to Towell (2011) the decision of many people to not eat meat is motivated by compassion and also because they care for animals and dont want animals to be exploited for any reasons (shoeman,2011). Furthermore many animals in animals die in horrifying conditions in farmhouses and slaughterhouses and when people find out that animals are capable of feeling fear pain and joy they understand that their diet is not consistent with their values (Towell,211). (Owen,2012) further adds that have an intellectual advantage over other species of animals does not give one the right to oppress them but the responsibility to care for them. Vegetarianism and concern for the environment According to Profita (2011) many people give up on meat for environmental reasons. This is explained by (Borden,2007) stating that a non-vegetarian diet is great burden onto our planet and is an inefficient use of resources(80% of agricultural land in America is used to grow food that is used to feed farmed animals) . Even producing beef has a negative impact on the environment as it produces large amounts of heat-trapping gases (Fiala, 2009). Vidal(2010) pointed out many ways in which it is causing harm to the environment. He adds that it is causing deforestation as may trees have been cut down to be converted into farmland. Moreover it is poisoning the earth in a way waste produced by animals are often dumped in lagoons. It is to be noted that a single farm can generate as much waste as an entire city. Finally he states that faming uses up a lot of water as 70% of it is used for faming purposes. However Collin(2010) refutes this belief by stating that soy and lentils could cause mo re harm to the environment and that a switch to tofu and other substitutes could increase the amount of arable land needed. Perception towards vegetarian food Mckeever (2012) http://eater.com/archives/2012/05/17/just-as-everyone-suspected-manly-men-prefer-eating-meat.php Reiner, R.V, 2007, Disadvantages of going veg , http://suite101.com/article/disadvantages-of-going-veg-a13587 AR Psychosocial predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption in adults a review of the literature http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18471592# Mintel 2005, pages 85 Vegetarian foods in the United States 2005 http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/305430/vegetarian_foods_in_the_united_states_2005 Parker-Pope, T.P , 2012, The challenge of going vegan Janu, K.J, 2010 , Why do people eat non-vegetarian Why Do People eat non  vegetarian? MacEachern, M.D, 2009 , 10 surprising reasons to eat less meat, http://www.thedailygreen.com/living-green/blogs/green-products-services/vegetarian-47021902 Bender, A.B, 1992, Meat and meat products in developing countries , http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0562e/T0562E00.htm#Contents Pope, T.P, 2010,Tasty vegan food? Cupcakes show it can be done http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/06/tasty-vegan-food-cupcakes-show-it-can-be-done/ Vigneault, E.V, But meat tastes good, http://www.vegansoapbox.com/but-meat-tastes-good/ Rothgerber, H.G, (2012) Real Men Dont Eat (Vegetable) Quiche: Masculinity and the Justification of Meat , Consumption http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2012-30417-001/ Macari, C.M, 2012, Men eating meat enhance their sense of manhood study reveals, http://news.softpedia.com/news/Men-Eating-Meat-Enhances-Their-Sense-of-Manhood-Study-Reveals-309472.shtml Williams, A.W, 2012, Men think eating meat makes them more manly (and even veggie women think veggie men are wimps) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2236768/New-study-shows-men-think-eating-steak-burgers-bacon-makes-manly.html Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2236768/New-study-shows-men-think-eating-steak-burgers-bacon-makes-manly.html#ixzz2IPzuSkrp Bryner, J.B, 2012, Meat

Instant Messaging and College Students Essay -- Communication Computer

Instant Messaging and College Students In the past few years, technology has taken over our world. Our lives are flowing rapidly into a technology-based planet; can you remember a time when people did not walk around with a cell phone attached to their heads? Do you recall a time when you had to pull out the map book to find directions instead of heading over to www.mapquest.com? One of the newer technological devices to make its way into the United States, and especially into the lives of college students, is instant messenger. The question we must ask ourselves about instant messenger, a question we must ask about any new piece of technology is, does this creation benefit us or harm us? Instant messenger has many positive aspects, but when carefully weighing the good points against the bad one can conclude that instant messenger will overall negatively affect the typical college student. Basic Information What exactly is instant messenger? It is an online chatting service, which does not require a server, therefore giving direct and instant communication (Van Horn 653). One can chat with multiple persons at the same time if he or she desires. It was first developed in 1988 by a Finnish man and named Internet Relay Chat (Goldsborough 44). Its popularity has steadily increased since its development. In fact, in 1999, IDC, a technology market research firm in Massachusetts, predicted that its popularity would grow one hundred and forty percent in each of the next five years. This growth implies that by the year 2004 there will be over one hundred and eighty million instant messenger users (Goldsborough 44). Positive Aspects However, there are good and bad aspects to everything that is popular in societ... ...ew Hampshire. 23 Oct. 2002. http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.8.1.html Flatow, Nicole. "Communication Overload?." Pipe Dream 13 February 2001. . 23 October 2002 http://www.bupipedream.com/010213/news/n5.html Fry, Ethan. "AOL Instant Messenger a college must." Columbia Chronicle Online 15 April 2001. . 23 October 2002 http://www.ccchronicle.com/back/2002-04-15/opinions4.html Goldsborough, Reid. "Instant Messaging for Instant Communications." Black Issues in Higher Education Mar. 2001: 44. Kovach, Nick. "Internet Addiction a Threat to College Students." The Post 25 January 2001. 23 October 2002 The Life Application Study Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1997. Van Horn, Royal. "Disruptive Technology." Phi Delta Kappan Mar. 2002: 492-4. --- "Raw Data and News." Phi Delta Kappan May 2002: 652-4.

The Savior- Malcolm X :: essays research papers

The Savior, Malcolm X The decade of change as so many people called it, the United States of America was becoming a better place, for some. People began to speak their minds, tell the truth, and give their opinion even if it wasn’t wanted. All of that forced changes, changes from whites and blacks. No longer would our country stand as a racially divided society, the protesting had began. It was the sixties, and so many of the most memorable people in the history of our country, made their voices be heard by everyone. One of the few, who spoke so clear, was Malcolm X, a man who would risk his life for his brothers and sisters of America. Malcolm X told his faith, told his truth, and that made him an ideological hero, especially among the young black culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Malcolm Little grew up in Lansing, Michigan, where he witnessed first hand his home being burned to the ground by white supremacist, like the Ku Klux Klan. Two years later Malcolm’s father was murdered, tied to the tracks and ran over by a steam train. That same year his mother was placed in a mental hospital and Malcolm was situated throughout detention homes the following years. In his early years he moved to Boston to live with his sister Ella. Malcolm found good and bad around the outsized Boston area, and became involved in the dealing of cocaine, hustling, and gambling profoundly. The name Malcolm no longer existed to him, he was known as â€Å"Detroit Red† for his slicked back, greasy hair. Red decided it was time to hit the big show, and moved to New York, specifically Harlem where he could deal and â€Å"strike it big.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dealing wasn’t enough for the gang banging slinger, he had to have it all and just when enough was enough he took it a step further. Malcolm teamed up with a white girl named Sophia he had known, her sister, and to other black male friends, to pull of some house burglaries. A few went well and turned out successful, and then Malcolm made a mistake. Malcolm had dropped off a stolen watched needed for repairing at a local jewelry store, and when he was returned to pick it up the New York Police Department was there to arrest him. Malcolm was convicted of larceny and sentenced eight to ten years in prison.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1946 Malcolm began reading and educating himself to become a better person while in prison.