Order vs. Freedom in Political Systems Essay -- Politics Philosophy

Order vs. Freedom in Political SystemsOrder and freedom are both necessary and beneficial towards the citizens and society with the manoeuvre to produce harmony, yet they both contradict each other. This contradiction has existed throughout many years and it is still hard to decide which one is ideal for the society. This examine will discuss and analyze if order or freedom is more important for semipolitical systems.Many believe that order should be applied by the government though it should be allowed to a certain limit and should not interfere in a citizens personal life. However others believe that unspoiled freedom should be given to individuals and that nothing should be enforced as it brings along many differences between citizens. This essay will attempt to study and settle the long awaited question which of the two are more beneficial for the society. Order is a demand of disciplined or prescribed agreement surrounded by elements that a desirable purpose is achieved. There were many philosophers who believed that order was necessary to encourage an equal society in which one of them was Machiavelli. Machiavelli strongly believed in having order to achieve an equal society, he adopted a different view which was centred on man, and the nature of human beings along with its relationships with other individuals. Machiavelli was the first modern, political scientist who only approved on empirical based method of analysis therefore he was more concerned with the present rather than focusing on the consequences. Machiavelli focused and examined the political history and studied in depth the city states and rulers in order to propose general rules of political behaviour. Machiavelli was also greatly influenced by the Romans R... ...at having order or freedom alone brings along many conflicts and disagreements within society. Therefore it is believed that neither should be fully implied, hence in order to promote a healthy society, a basic equilibrium b etween the two should be present.BIBLIOGRAPHYD. A. Lloyd Thomas., 1998. Locke on government. New York Routledge.Ellenburg, S., 1968. Rousseaus Political Philosophy. capital of the United Kingdom Cornell University Press. Plamenatz. John., 1963. Man and Society. London LongmanQuinton. A., 1967. Political Philosophy. London Oxford PressRoger, D., Masters., 1968. The Political Philosophy of Rosseau. New Jersey Princeton University Press. Shklar, J. N., 1976. Freedom and Independence. London Cambridge University PressW. Von Leyden.,1982. Hobbs and Locke the politics of freedom and obligation. London The MacMillian Press Ltd.

Case Study: Dell :: essays research papers

Case Study DellDell foundation be one of the most successful companies mostly due to its direct grocery storeing strategy. Unlike other reckoner companies which sell their product through retailers, Dell provides their computer and service directly to customers. The direct-selling model makes the company understand their customers better and eliminates the retailer cost. What is more, each PC is customized to the customers who can specify what components they want. Dell also holds little or no inventory and assembles products as soon as an order placed. The company can save inventory cost and apply new technology on their product quickly by using the just-in-time approach. In 1996, Dell became the e-commerce leader, for its website is not only some pages describing the details of products but also an online shop specializing computers for consumers. People can buy computer on the website which covering 80 countries, 27 languages/dialects, and 40 currencies without leaving home. T herefore, direct marketing strategy with low cost (low price), customization and e-commerce is the key element for Dells success.Blois et al (2000.p.20) argued that marketers have been making increasing efforts to mingle direct-marketing activities within their overall communications mix. For instance, when a new computer comes into the market, the company should integrate every aspect of its campaign like TV Ads, online promotions, sending emails and brochures to the potential customers and so forth. Such Integrated marketing communications which can generate the ken of the new product are likely to become popular in the future. Furthermore, in order to remain its top position, Dell has to develop new market such as camera and printer.

Simultaneous Bilingual Language Acquisition Essay -- Literacy Investig

Rationale and StrategyI originally grew up in a small town and wasnt exposed to different cultures want I am now in the city. I became fascinated with different languages and how dreaded it is that fryren are capable of learning multiple languages at one time. To get together the requirements of a class here at State University, I spent two weeks assistant teaching at a bilingual elementary school. I greatly enjoyed this experience and returned home to become a nanny for a family near by my home that are raising their children to be bilingual with the cooperate of the mother who is fluent in Spanish as well as English. While taking care of these children, I experienced language barriers and was faced with an amazing opportunity to witness children learning two languages first hand. I plan to discover the advantages or disadvantages of children being bilingual at a young age. I would like to investigate which language they are more fluent in and their strategies for increasing v ocabulary in both languages. I would like to discover the techniques that they are using for increasing their Spanish vocabulary in addition to their English vocabulary.My strategy for this investigation is to spend time with the family and observe them. I plan to spot the toys or other strategies that the family uses to increase the fluency of both languages for their children. I will interview the parents as well as two of the three children since the other child is still an infant. I will observe the children playing and see which language they typically communicate with each other to and how they speak to their parents. I will do research on bilingual children and their language development in order to learn more information and provide the parents with s... ...abulary Development. International Journal of Bilingualism 6.4 (2012) 541-565. Print. MacLeod, Andrea, Leah Fabiano-Smith, Sarah Boegner-Page, and Salome Fontolliet. Simultaneous bilingual language acquisition The role of parental input on receptive vocabulary development. Child dustup Teaching and Therapy 29.1 (2012) 131-142. Print. Patterson, Janet. What Bilingual Toddlers Hear and Say Language Input and Word Combinations. Communication Disorders Quarterly 21.1 (1999) 32-38. Print. Restrepo, M. A., A. P. Castilla, P. J. Schwanenflugel, S. Neuharth-Pritchett, C. E. Hamilton, and A. Arboleda. Effects Of A Supplemental Spanish Oral Language Program On Sentence Length, Complexity, And Grammaticality In communicatory Children Attending English-Only Preschools. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 41.1 (2010) 3-13. Print.

Free College Admissions Essays: I Will Endure :: College Admissions Essays

I Will Endure   When I wake up to the ear-splitting depart of my alarm clock, and blindly search for the snooze button, a sudden thought dawns What am I doing?   The time is 530 AM all is menacing and hushed. My weary body feels completely drained of energy. While straining to open my eyes, still warm and snug in my comfortable bed, I am overwhelm with a feeling of lethargy. Perhaps I should call in sick. Despite all my musing, and my beds magnetic pull, I still manage to rise each forenoon at this ungodly hour to join the cross-country running team in rigorous training.   Cross-country running, a sport that requires the fusing of body and mind, strives to maximize your forcible ability by testing your mental tenacity. Everyday represents a new struggle to beat yesterdays maximum output, an issue of mind over matter. I put one over known the agony of this conflict since I joined the newly established cross-country team. As convincing as my morning doubts are, I do non heed them. Through pains and sprains and through adverse weather and unfavorable conditions, I run because I made up my mind three years ago to succeed.   With amenities such as cars and buses, I have no pragmatic reason to use my feet, especially if I lack a destination. I do not run to the gym to acquire a stylish figure, for my slender frame does not require it. And this grueling run differs from a restful jog to a coffee shop. I am pushing myself constantly to run faster and farther, for my team as well as for personal glory. someways with tireless effort and unflagging commitment, I run through the sleeping streets of my neighborhood with the awareness that I am steadily reaching my goal-maintaining the discipline that cross-country demands. In my mind I see a victory line that symbolizes the results of perseverance and hard work. This line makes me realize that ambition and tenacity do not go in vain.

Nature Versus Nurture: Both Play a Role in Development Essay -- child

Nature versus nurture is a commonly debated topic in the scientific world. For example were all child molesters abused as children themselves or are their genes or other factors to blame for their bad decisions? Genes seem to determine very much about children, such as eye color and height, but do they also determine behavior and overall health, or is the environment the children were raised in to blame? For example, when a child is misbehaving, is it the parents responsibility to take the blame for their offsprings behavior due to how they have chosen to raise their son or daughter, or is the childs communicable makeup to blame for their faults? Can a childs environment override the genes a child is born with?Mischievous childrens genes and environment are both to blame for their actions. in force(p) because a child sees his or her parents invest their time in drugs or alcohol does not make the child themselves end up in the identical situation proving that environment is not the only determining factor in a childs behavior. Genetics play an important role as well. The environment a child is ...

Nature Versus Nurture: Both Play a Role in Development Essay -- child

Nature versus nurture is a commonly debated topic in the scientific world. For example were all child molesters abused as children themselves or are their genes or other factors to blame for their bad decisions? Genes seem to determine some(prenominal) about children, such as eye color and height, but do they also determine behavior and overall health, or is the environment the children were raised in to blame? For example, when a child is misbehaving, is it the parents responsibility to take the blame for their offsprings behavior due to how they have chosen to raise their son or daughter, or is the childs familial makeup to blame for their faults? Can a childs environment override the genes a child is born with?Mischievous childrens genes and environment are both to blame for their actions. honest because a child sees his or her parents invest their time in drugs or alcohol does not make the child themselves end up in the analogous situation proving that environment is not th e only determining factor in a childs behavior. Genetics play an important role as well. The environment a child is ...

The Relationship Between Journalism and Public Relations

The alliance between journalism and public dealings has been described as tumultuous. Hitchcock (2012) says at that place is a shifting dynamic between the two and has found that journalists are starting to become more than than and more reliant on public relations (PR), while Jackson (2009) says that up to 80% of media content has come from a public relations source. In this instance, Evans (2010) says, it is time to admit that the two disciplines of journalism and PR are two sides of the same coin and that there is now complete freedom of movement between them (p? ). FIND PAGE NUMBERThis essay will demonstrate the fibre of both public relations and journalism in the media, followed by an examination of the dependent relationship these two professions share. Differing views and issues surrounding the relationship will in any campaign be considered. Furthermore, media relations and new media technology will be examined regarding the tension between PR and journalism. A conc lusion will then be summarized to permit the idea that the relationship between public relations and journalism is symbiotic to an extent, however there are other factors to a fault to consider when making such(prenominal) a statement.The Oxford Dictionary (2012) defines the term symbiosis as a mutually beneficial relationship between different people or groups. In this case we are examining the relationship between PR and journalism and how they mutually benefit from their day-to-day dealings with each other. According to Tench (2009), PR plays an important role in shaping the news by persuading other people to convey important messages to the schemes publics. This is done with support from media outputs and cornerstone also be described as endorsement.Furthermore, the PR practitioner should use sound media relations to gain editorial coverage in appropriate media notes. By doing this, Comrie (2007) elaborates that the organizations character will impact positively by integrat ing a strategic plan in line with the companys mission. Journalists in the media are circumspect of public relations practitioners, regardless of the fact that they deal with them daily. According to discolour and Hobsbawn (2007) they view PR practitioners as ambiguous sources to deal with and are often conservative and wary of whether the information given could be misleading or deceptive.Furthermore, Callad (2007) says that journalists gut reactions to PR in general are almost in a flash related to specific PR people in which they may have had a bad experience with, instead of the response to the profession its self. This type of stereotyping is a typical occurrence in their professional relationship. The relationship between PR and journalism is seen to mutually benefit both parties. Edward Bernays (in Evans, 2010) talks of the crucial importance of the press. This is because newspaper publisher coverage can translate social ideas into facts, which in turn can influence the target publics of an organisation.Jackson (2009) also supports the idea that there is a symbiotic relationship of some change existing between PR and journalism by saying PR is a fact of life. Journalists should recognize it as an important channel (p2). Jackson then elaborates on the role of PR by stating that there is a very significant amount of PR material in the media and that thus plays an important role in news making. Furthermore, Grunig and Hunt (in Tench, 2009) underwent a survey in 2000 that indicated PR sources are responsible for around half of the news printed in newspapers. crunch releases sent out by the Press Association are likely to include contri andion from practitioners. (Mersham et al,. 2009) says that both sport and not for profit charities use delirious content in the promotion of their organisation, which in turn appeals to media outlets. These situations support the idea of symbiosis between PR and journalism, as journalists like to run stories with hig h horny content, which will then in turn generate positive publicity for the organisation.Many journalists dont like to admit that they do rely on PR in one way or another and unfortunately in this day and time, journalists are pushed for time as media channels have rapidly change magnitude and budgets have been tightened. Because of this, little time is left for journalists to investigate stories independently. (Lewis et,. al 2008) found that up to 60% of stories coming from either articles or broadcast news contained elements of pre box. This can be described as a press release being regurgitated by a journalist into a news story, with very a few(prenominal) facts missing.Callard (2011) further describes the symbiotic relationship that is evident between PR and journalism. These two professions interact with each other daily for the production of news. PR practitioners provide journalists with a suggested story and information shaped in the way they would like it to be publici zed in a specific media channel. Moreover, journalists then request information and sources from PR practitioners that may aid them in developing a story for the public. Although this seems both parties mutually benefit from each others presence, it doesnt come without its controversies.Issues with credibleness of both PR practitioners and journalists are said to always exist. Journalists should only post stories of interest to the audience, while PR practitioners should use media relations to get print or broadcast coverage without interference from the owners of the publication. (Tench, 2009) agrees with this by saying that these current priorities of confliction are said to describe the tension that exists between the agendas of these two competitors. connatural views are expressed such as (Mersham et al. 2009) with some journalists and PR practitioners seeing each other as allies, but are more frequently seen by each other as the enemy or people that they cannot trust. In sayi ng this, PR practitioners are also wary of journalists. Gregory (2002) says that PR practitioners have a responsibility to keep a considerate distance between themselves and journalists but continue to provide them with material that reflects the truth. Moreover, we see that they continue to hold a symbiotic relationship in relation to the work they do, but whether they value each other on a personal level is very much debatable.According to (Davis, 2007) journalism traditionally was seen to hold power over PR as they had control over what was to be published. Due to cutbacks in resources and the continuing change in media channels, PR material and sources have developed which is resulting in a change over who holds that power. Moreover, Greenslade (2003) argues that this causes tension in the relationship as journalists like to think they are more powerful and rather believing that PR can benefit them, they feel conflicted to use positive, helpful sources of materials that PR pract itioners provide them (Haller, 2007 Tilley & Hollings, 2008).Media relations must be soundless as less about breaking news, and more about tactical work that is going to target the key stakeholders of your organisation. Gonring (in Comrie, 2007) suggests that it is also about learning to strategize and know press coverage to shape the opinions of important constituents (p63). To put more simply, Tench (2009) mentions that we can view media relations as a relationship between an organisation and the press. The skilled practitioner needs to make sure they form sufficient relationships with journalists so that accurate, effective stories can be produced.This is important for both parties as duster and Hobsbawm (2007) say mutual exchange of information between these two groups of information gathers and providers is necessary, and not a matter for disapproval (p290). New media developments are having an impact on both professions and the symbiotic relationship they share. White and H obsbawm (2007) mention that journalism is heavily dependant on PR sources regardless of their personal relations and therefore more demands are needed to produce new and exciting material for new channels of media. The phenomenon of social media is changing the way we communicate.Because of the social aspect of new media, practitioners can present information that individuals can talk directly to each other and find truth themselves. There needs to be a more existent approach to the relations between PR and journalism, as they may not possess the same interests, but they face the same threats and the context in which they command is the same. The main points outlined above demonstrate that a symbiotic relationship between PR and journalism does exist. It is evident that both professions require some kind of reliance on each other.In saying this however it must be considered that although some symbiosis occurs, it doesnt come with out scrutiny from both professions. White and Howsb awm (2007) elaborate by saying journalists are heavily dependant on PR practice in spite of the fact the views they hold of them. Media relations also contribute to the love-hate relationship in which they share, but also the need of each other for the growing world of technology. The above views suggest that although the relationship between PR and journalism is symbiotic, it is also seen as unstable, and that is not likely to change in the near future.References Bailey, R. (2009). Media Relations. Harlow, England New York FT Prentice Hall Callard, H. (2011) Attitudes and perceptions of newspaper journalists towards public relations practitioners in New Zealand. Retrieved from http//scholar. google. co. nz/scholar? hl=en&lr=&q=relatedBcq7pKS7k_QJscholar. google. com/&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&ei=1cAwULHIMo2WiQf87oCoDw&ved=0CD0QzwIwAA Comrie, M. (2007, October 29). Media relations From tactics to strategy. Retrieved fromhttp//publicrelations4u. blogspot. co. z/2007/10/media-relations-from- tactics-to. html Davis, A. (2000). domain relations, news production and changing patterns of source access in British National Media. Media, Culture and Society, 22(1), 39-59. Evans, T. (2010). We are all in PR now. British journalism Review2010 21 31 DOI 10. 1177/0956474810374531 http//bjr. sagepub. com/content/21/2/31 Gower, K. (2007). Public relations and the press The troubled embrace. Evanston, ILNorthwestern University Press. Greenslade, R. (2003) Press Gang how newspapers make profits rom Propaganda, BasingstokeMacmillan. Gregory, A. (2002). To Spin or Not to Spin? The Ethics of Public RelationsLecture. Retrieved from Leeds Metropolitan University. Grunig, J. E. , & Hunt, T. (1984). Managing Public Relations Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Haller, M. (2007). mutualism or antagonism The neurotic double bind. In Merkel, B. , Russ-Mohl, S. , & Zavaritt, G. (Eds. ). A complicated, antagonistic and symbiotic affair Journalism, public relations and their struggle for public attenti on (pp. 95-99). Lugano, Switzerland European Journalism Observatory.Hitchcock, S. (2012, February 18). Tumultuous relationship between journalism and PR thawing says Waikato researcher. The University of Waikato. Retrieved August 19th, 2012, from http//www. waikato. ac. nz/news-events/media/2012/02tumultuous-relationship-between-journalism-and-pr-thawing-says-waikato-researcher. shtml Hollings, J. , Lealand, G. , Samson, A. , & Tilley, E. (2007). The big NZ journalism survey Underpaid, under-trained, under-resourced, unsure about the future but still idealistic.Pacific Journalism Review, 13(2), 175197. Jackson, S. (2009, May 4). PR driving up to 80pc of content. The Australian. Retrieved August 19th, 2012, fromhttp//www. theaustralian. com. au Lewis, J. , A. Williams. , B. Franklin. , J. Thomas. , and N. Mosdell (2008). The Quality and Independence of British Journalism, Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and heathen Studies. Report found at http//www. cardiff. ac. uk/jomec/resea rch/researchgroups/journalismstudies/fundedprojects/qualitypress. html Mersham, G. M. , Theunissen, P. , & Peart, J. G. M. (2009). Public

Organizational Behavior Chapter 5 Summary

Chapter 5 Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their surround. Peoples behavior is found on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important. Attribution Theory perspicacity Others Our perception and judgment of others be significantly influenced by our assumptions of the other peoples internal states.When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or outwardly caused. Internal causes are under that persons control. External causes are not person forced to act in that way. Causation judged through strong suit Shows different behaviors in different situations. fiddlesensus Response is the same as others to same situation. Consistency Responds in the same way over time. actus reuss and Biases in AttributionsFundamental Attribution Error Blame on people first, then situati on. Self Serving Bias If won, its our success, if failed, their fault. Selective Perception selectively interpret what they see on base of operations of their interest, background, exp and attitude. Halo/Devil Effect draw general impression on one of their trait. XX Contrast Effect evaluation of someones characteristics that are changeed by comparing with other who rank higher or low-pitcheder on the same characteristic Another Shortcut StereotypingProfiling form of stereotyping which atom of a group based on a single, usually racial traits Specific Shortcut Applications in Organization Employment Interviews perceptual biases raters affect the true statement of interviewers judgments, formed in a glance, 1/10 of a second Performance Expectation Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect) lower or higher expectation of loss leader leads to productivity of employees, critical impact for employees. Perception and Individual conclusion Making Problem is a perceived discrep ancy between the current state of personal business and esired state Decisions are made from among alternatives developed from data Therefore, problems must be recognized and data must be selected and evaluated. Decision Making Models in Organizations sharp-witted Decision Making the perfect world model, assumes complete entropyrmation, all options known and max payoff Bounded Reality real world model, seek satisfying and sufficient solutions from limited data and alternatives Intuition a non-conscious process created from distilled exp that results in quick decision. (usually are good decisions) Common Biases and Errors in Decision-MakingOverconfidence Bias accept too much in own ability to make good decision, especially outside of own expertise Anchoring Bias Using early, first genuine info as basis for making subsequent judgments Confirmation Bias selecting and using only facts that support our decision Availability Bias emphasizing info that mostly readily at hand E scalation of Commitment Increasing commitment to a decision in spite of evidence that its wrong disturbance Error creating meaning out of random event, superstitions Winners Curse higher bidder pay too much due to overestimation Hindsight Bias think it could be accurately predicted beforehand after outcome is known Individual Differences in Decision Making Personality Conscientiousness may affect escalation of commitment. execution strivers are likely to increase commitment, while dutiful people are less to have this bias. High self-esteem people are susceptible to selfish bias. Gender Women analyze decisions more than men (rumination), and twice likely to develop depression. These differences develop early. Organizational ConstraintsPerformance Evaluation managerial evaluation criteria influence actions Reword Systems managers bequeath make the decision with the greatest personal payoff for them Formal Regulation limit the alternative choices of decision makers System-i mposed Time ConstraintsRestrict ability to gather or evaluate info Historical Precedents past decision influence current decisions Ethics in Decision Making Ethical Decision Criteria Utilitarianism decisions made based solely on the outcome, seek the greatest good for greatest number, mostly used by business people. Pro promote efficiency and productivity Con ignore individual rights, esp. minority Rights decision consistent with fundamental liberties and privileges, respect and protects rights of individuals Pro protect individual from harm, preserve rightsCon create overly legalistic work environment Justice imposing and enforcing the rules fairly and impartially, equitable distribution of benefit and costs Pro protect the interests of weaker members Con sense of entitlement rises Improving Creativity in Decision Making Creativity ability to produce novel and useful ideas. People who score high in Openness to Exp, intelligent, independent, self-confident, risk-taking, have an internal locus-of-control, tolerant of ambiguity, low need for structure and preserve the frustration face The Three-Component Model of Creativity proposition that individual creativity results from a mixture of three components Expertise foundationCreative persuasion Skills personality characteristics associated with creaticity Intrinsic Task Motivation The desire to do the job because of its characteristics Global Implications Attributions cultural differences in the ways people attribute cause to discovered behavior Decision Making no research on the topic, assumption of no difference and based on awareness of cultural differences in traits that affect decision making, this assumption suspect Ethics No global ethical standards exist, Asian countries tend not to see ethical issues in black and egg white but as shades of gray. Global Companies need global standards for managers.

How does culture affect diagnosis? Essay

Culture piece of tail affect the diagnosis and treatment of psychical disorders, as different cultures ache different attitudes to mental disorders. In Morocco, for example, it is thought you enkindle catch a mental illness accidentally by encountering some necromancy, such as stepping on it. They truly believe mental disorders come from sorcery and evil things. This affects treatment and how the mentally ill person is seen they atomic number 18 often feared as there is a possibility the evil could spread. Culture can besides affect how much information a patient is likely to disclose. Casas (1995) found that a lot of African Americans do not like to share their individual(prenominal) information with people of a different race. Sue and Sue (1992) found that some(prenominal) Asian Americans dont like to talk about their emotions and are more reluctant to admit to having a mental illness. Even when they do admit to being ill, they are not forthcoming in terms of discussing their symptoms with the therapist. This can affect diagnosis, as not all the symptoms may have been menti wizd and so a suitable course of treatment cannot be easily formulated. One teach of thought believes that culture does not affect diagnosis as mental disorders are scientific. The DSM was developed in the USA and is used widely in many other cultures. This is a valid use if mental disorders are clearly defined with specific features and symptoms.Basically, mental disorders are scientifically defined illnesses that are explained in a scientific way. Research evidence comes from Lees study (2006). This was conducted in Korea deliberately to see if the DSM-IV-TR was valid in a non-Western culture, and it was found that it was for ADHD. On the flip side, there are studies that have shown that culture can affect diagnosis. There are studies that have shown that culture can play an influential intention in diagnosis. For example, symptoms that are seen in Western countries as chara cterising dementia praecox, such as auditory hallucinations, are interpreted in other countries as showing ownership by a spirit, which render someone special in a positive way, not in a negative disorder way. Therefore, depending on cultural interpretations of what is being measured, the DSM is not always valid. A clinician from one culture must be aware that a patient from another culture is guided by their own frame of reference.It does seem to be the case that there are actual cultural differences in mental disorders like schizophrenia. It has been reported that catatonicschizophrenia is on the decline and this could be because of health measures that prevent the development of this type of schizophrenia. Chandrasena (1986) reported more incidences of catatonia in Sri Lanka (21%) compared with 5% among British white people. However, it was as well as found that in Sri Lanka it was less likely that patients had received early interventions with drug treatment. This was not the refore a cultural difference in the attitude to the mental disorder, but a difference in treatment availability. After considering the pivotal role that culture plays in a persons mental health, ideas have been put forward to overcome cultural bias in diagnosis. Ideas include moving away from emphasis on first rate symptoms and interpretation as well as focus on more negative symptoms are they are more objectively measured.On problem with schizophrenia is that, first circle symptoms tend to be weighted as more important when making a diagnosis. First come in symptoms include hearing voices, delusions and disorganised thinking. However, first rank symptoms are also more open to interpretation, which means that there might be cultural issues with inclination to interpretation. Flaum et al. (1991) found a lack of reliability when using the DSM with regard to first rank symptoms and that was with a similar sample from one culture. Therefore, it is likely that such unreliability wou ld be magnified if we used first rank symptoms across different cultures. Similarly, with regard to diagnosis there should be greater emphasis on symptoms that are objectively measured. Flaum suggests that negative symptoms (for example poverty of speech) are more objectively assessed and measured than positive symptoms, like hallucinations. Minimising first rank symptoms and placing more emphasis on negative symptoms would mean less unreliability with regard to diagnosis across cultures.Culture-bound syndromes are mental health problems (or other illnesses) with a set of symptoms found and recognised as an illness only in one culture. Penis panic is an example. In some cultures males may think that their penis will retract into their bodies- and women may think the same about their breasts. This is known as genital retraction syndrome. Such panics have been found around the world but mainly in Africa and Asia. Another example is Hikikomori, a condition which has attracted forebodi ng in Japan recently, affecting mainly male teens that are otherwise perfectly healthy. The condition makes them withdraw completely, locking themselves in their rooms for long periods of cartridge holder (years). The Japanese government havedescribed Hikikomori as a social disorder rather than a mental disorder, and say it is representative of the economic downswing the country is going through.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Frederick Douglas in Relation to Self-Reliance Essay

Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in 1803 in Boston although his family were not wealthy they were well connected, privileged and educated. Emerson attended Harvard, Harvard Divinity School and became a minister arouse in such topics as non-conformity, the individual and the soul. Frederick Douglass was born in 1817 in Maryland the son of a slave and white man. He was born into slave ingesting, sawing machine his mother only a few times and did not k without delay his father. Douglass went on to be an abolitionist, an editor of a newspaper, an avid writer and lecturer.These two hands couldnt have been from more diverse worlds. They may as well have been from different planets. While walking the green sunlit quads of Harvard, Emerson was fleshing out his cryptical thoughts on the soul, nonconformity of the individual and the subtleties of assertion. In contrast, Douglass was in a dark barn being beaten on his bare flesh by a brutal overseer who held the tombstone to the gate of bond age. This beating took place in August of 1833 temporary hookup Emerson had already written a few of his ideas in his daybook for his es give voice, Self-reliance by 1832. (Self -Reliance was first published in 1841).Slavery was a subculture set up for the benefits of farmers, plantation take iners and rich city folk who could afford to corrupt people not hire them only if buy them. The slaves were isolatedMcTeigue 2physically and mentally from the rest of the community and the world in order to give away control and keep them within the bounds of the strict unspoken codes of slavery set up by the their owners. The codes signed, sealed and delivered by the overseers or the masters of the slaves. And when that didnt work they were sold and separated from any(prenominal) family and friends they had.The system of slavery didnt allow and didnt encourage the development of the individual person. Man or woman. kind of as Douglass states relating to the slave, It is necessary to darken his moral and mental vision, and, as far as possible, to annihilate the power of reason. He must be able to detect no inconsistencies in slavery he must be made to feel that slavery is right field and he can be brought to that only when he ceases to be a man (Douglass 1790).Douglass transforms the collective mindset of him the slave to that of an individual, self-reliant man without the ivy clad buildings in which Emerson ruminated, pondered and wrote. For slavery to exist there could be no individual man or woman that had ownership rights over his or her own body or mind despite this truth Douglass escapes from slavery and clearly steers destiny into his homeport of freedom hitting all the main points of Emersons theories on SelfReliance trusting-self, non-conformity and intuition on the way there.Trusting yourself on the path to Emersons, Self-Reliance, and proper an individual is one of the main tenets of Emersons writings. A man should learn to detect and watch that gl eam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the grandeur of the firmament of bards and sages (Emerson 1334). Frederick Douglasss first gleam of light was in the songs the slaves sang on the way to their masters main house. He describes the songs which wereMcTeigue 3sung in deep tones like anguished souls as prayers for deliverance from slavery. Douglass states, To those songs I trace my first glimmering of the dehumanizing character of slavery (Douglass 1754). A seed was planted and took exert in his soul. He continued to listened for clues along the way to trust and believe.A pivotal opportunity to trust himself in a new revelation was offered to Douglass while learning the alphabet and simple words at the home of his new masters in Baltimore. When the father of the house found out that his wife was teaching the slave boy how to read, she was told that for one thing it was against the law. But the main point of his disapproval was this as told by Douglass, if you teach that nigger how to read, there would be no keeping him. It would forever unfit him to be a slave. He would at once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master. As to himself, it could do him no good . . .It would make him discontented and unhappy (Douglass 1762). Douglass explains that it was in this moment that he understood what the key was from slavery to freedom. It was learning to read, write and become an educated man. He trusted this truth. To quotation mark Emerson, To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men,-that is genius (Emerson 1334). In having this truth revealed to him he also later instructed other slaves how to read and write. He knew it wasnt going to be easy from this point on to learn but he did any way he could. He learned from boys on the streets of Baltimore and from his masters childs school books. Trusting himself on this new information was the key piece to freedom which f irmly planted him on his path to escaping slavery.To speak of non-conformity as another one of the elements of Emersons, Self-Reliance, that leads to the path of self is to scream to the conformity of slavery. To quote Emerson, What IMcTeigue 4must do is all that concerns me, not what people think. The rule, equally arduous in actual and quick conduct, may serve for the entirely distinction between greatness and meanness (Emerson 1337). But to non-conform as a slave was to beaten regularly by the overseer or master and if that didnt work the slave was sold and sent away.In one extreme look Douglass tells the story of an overseer shooting a slave in the front in front of other slaves because the slave didnt get out of a creek when told to by the overseer. When asked by the owner of the plantation why he shot the slave, Douglass recalls the justification, He was setting a dangerous example to the other slaves,-one which, if suffered to pass without some such demonstration on his part, would finally lead to the lend subversion of all rule and order upon the plantation (Douglass 1758).With these experiences and stories slaves were kept down from entertaining thoughts of freedom or individuality. They conformed not only because it was a way of life it was survival. Non-conformity came at a price even death as just revealed but for a few the risk was worth the price for possible freedom even if it was only one step toward intellectual freedom from a master. In a pivotal event toward breaking away from the mindset of slavery Douglass rises up against one of his masters, Mr. Covey and engages in a physical brawl.Mr Covey was going to tie up Douglass and begin another round of beatings chase the first round from the previous day. Not only did Douglass physically beat up Covey, he also told him that yes he was going to continue the fight because he had been abusing him for the past six months. Douglass explains in his narrative that this event gave him confidence and the determination to be free. He states, My long-crushed spirit rose, cowardice departed . . . and I now obstinate that, however long I might remain a slave in form, the day had passed forever when I could be a slave in fact (Douglass 1779). Douglass crossed the line that day from conformity to non-conformity.McTeigue 5Douglasss actions in the above example and the way he progresses through his lifes journey embodies this profound paragraph of Emersons whereby he explains that conforming to the usages that have become dead to you . . . scatters your force. It loses your time and blurs the impression of your character (Emerson 1337). He goes on to say that by conforming so much of your life force is taken away from your real purpose that no one can detect who you rattling are. Do your work, and you shall reinforce yourself (Emerson 1337).Douglass hits the path of non-conformity and never looks back. His life was spent hard at work for the abolitionist movement and the well bei ng of other slaves comfort trapped in slavery. Intuition is layered into both elements of Emersons thoughts of trusting ones self and non-conformity as intuition is the soul force that leads us into and out of the sublities of our mind and eventually to our own individual actions. Emerson says about intuition, In that deep force, the last fact behind which analysis cannot go, all things find their usual origin. . . Here is the fountain of action and of thought (Emerson 1341). Intuition is not learned or taught it is there in all people.It can be cultivated and tended to by the individual if they stop to listen, to hear and to trust even it means going against the grain of popular thought or what someone else might think is right for that individual. As stated earlier in the essay Douglass all along seems to be listening and trusting and taking action. But he starts to develop a cognizant understanding of intuition and the soul as he becomes more literate and knowledgeable. In an a nthology he reads different passages that as Douglass states, They gave tongue to interesting thoughts of my own soul, which had frequently flashed through my mind, and died away for want of utterance. . . The reading of these documents enabled me to utter my thoughts (Douglass 1765). Aside from taking actions towards his freedom and being anMcTeigue 6individual man he now is able to articulate and write down his personal thoughts formulating arguments against slavery and other subjects. A flow from his intuition, mind and soul begins to emerge that was there all along. Douglass explains at the risk of being called superstitious, From my earliest recollection, I date the entertainment of a deep conviction that slavery would not always be able to hold me within its foul embrace and in the darkest hours of my career in slavery, this living word of faith and spirit of hope departed not from me, but remained like ministering angels to cheer me through the gloom (Douglass 1761).Like divi ne interventions Douglass pays attention to these unsolicited angles and lets them lead the way towards becoming a free man. These two terrific men grabbled with the ideas of individuality and self-reliance simultaneously through two different modes of exploration Emerson intellectually and Douglass experientially. Its like Douglasss narrative is the case instruction for Emersons theories on selfreliance. Their studies and paths eventually led them to similar conclusions on the subject although Emersons self-reliance had a more soulful twist and Douglasss self-reliance had a more practical hands-ons twist. These differences stemmed from their different backgrounds and experiences.Both these men listened to their intuition, trusted them selves and were not afraid to be non-conforming and became self-realized free men. But in the case of Frederick Douglass not only did he became intellectually free but physically free from slavery using all the same tools spelled out in Emersons, Se lf-Reliance. To end, Douglass shares an substitute with one of his masters, He told me, if I would be happy, I must lay out no plans for the future. He said, if I behaved myself properly, he would take care of me. Indeed, he advised me to complete thoughtlessness of the future, and taught me to depend solely up him for happiness. He seemedMcTeigue 7to see fully the pressing necessity of setting aside my intellectual nature, in order to contentment in slavery (Douglass 1792). Douglass flings, deflects and resists each point listening only to his ministering angels until they flew him into the hands of freedom.McTeigue 8Works CitedPerkins, George and Barbara Perkins. The American Tradition in Literature. 12th ed. New York McGraw-Hill. 2009. Print.Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas. Perkins and Perkins 17541792. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Self-Reliance. Perkins and Perkins 1334-1341.